Term
| What are the cerebral cortex's key functions for motor control? |
|
Definition
| relay motor commands to the spinal cord; modify motor commands; modify incoming sensory signals; integrate sensory and motor information; change output gain; provide preparatory set for movement |
|
|
Term
| how does the cerebral cortex relay motor commands to the spinal cords? |
|
Definition
| through descending motor neurons and interneurons |
|
|
Term
| how does the cerebral cortex modify motor commands? |
|
Definition
| Long loop responses that connect the cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia allow the cortex to modify motor commands |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of the use of a long loop response |
|
Definition
| automatic postural response to maintain postural sability |
|
|
Term
| how does the cerebral cortex modify incoming sensory signals |
|
Definition
| The cerebral cortex downregulates sensory information via descending pathways that synapse on sensory parts of spinal cord to suppress and inhibit the continuation of sensory signals to higher levels |
|
|
Term
| how does the cerebral corex change output gain |
|
Definition
| the cerebral cortex afffects descending pathways that synapse on motor structures to dtermine how likely it is for them to produce an action potential |
|
|
Term
| what happens if your cerebral cortex and cerebellum are not functioning properly? |
|
Definition
| you can't have smooth, coordinated, purposeful movement |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 inputs to the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| how are Brodmann's areas determined? |
|
Definition
| cytoarchitecture and functional differences |
|
|
Term
| What is Brodmann's Area 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Brodmann's Area 17? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Brodmman's Areas 17, 18? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Brodmann's Areas 44, 45 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of broca's area |
|
Definition
| expressive speech. Someone with a lesion here will have non-fluent aphasia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of wernicke's |
|
Definition
| receptive speech. Someone with a lesion here will have fluency where they're saying words, but the words won't make a lot of sense, and they won't realize it |
|
|
Term
| what are Brodmann's Areas 41, 42 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are Brodmann's areas 3, 1, 2 |
|
Definition
| primary somatic sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| what are brodmann's areas 5,7 |
|
Definition
| sensory association and integration |
|
|
Term
| what is brodmann's area 6 lateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is brodmann's 6 dorsal-medial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are brodmann's areas 10, 11, 47, 46, 9 located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the prefrontal cortex |
|
Definition
| executive function, judgment, planning, emotion, cognition, decision-making |
|
|
Term
| what is the outermost layer of the brain called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is layer 2 of the cortex called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is layer 3 of the cerebral cortex called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is distinguishing about the external pyramidal layer of the cortex? |
|
Definition
| it has small pyramidal neurons (they look like pyramids) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the first 3 layers of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| they create output to other cortical regions. |
|
|
Term
| what is the direction of the axons in the first 3 layers of the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
| horizontal/side to side to other parts of the cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the 4th layer of the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the internal granular layer of the cerebral cortex do |
|
Definition
| receives most of the afferent input from the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| what 2 important brain regions send info to the thalamus that then goes to the internal granular layer of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| basal ganglia, cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the 5th layer of the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the internal pyramidal layer |
|
Definition
| this is where the corticospinal tract is located |
|
|
Term
| what is the corticospinal tract |
|
Definition
| the output fromt he cerebral cortex to the thalamus and brainstem |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the 6th layer of the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is special about the multiform layer of the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
| it has pyramidal cells that project back to the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| what is the mnemonic for the names of the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
| MGPGPM: miles per gallon is gallon per miles |
|
|
Term
| where is the primary somatic sensory cortex located? |
|
Definition
| in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
| what are the Brodmann's areas that make up the primary somatic sensory cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to where does the primary somatic sensory cortex project? |
|
Definition
| to the secondary sensory cortex and to areas 5 and 7 |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the primary somatic sensory cortex? |
|
Definition
| you're just esnsing. You feel the feeling. You're not putting together patterns such as location. |
|
|
Term
| what is the somatotpic organization of the primary somatic sensory cortex? |
|
Definition
| there is a sensory homunculus in each of the 4 areas: 3a, 3b, 1, 2 |
|
|
Term
| what is the dominant somatosensory input to SMI area 3a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do muscle spindles detect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the dominant somatosensory input to SMI area 3b? |
|
Definition
| fast and slowcutaneous receptors |
|
|
Term
| what is the dominant somatosensory input to SMI area 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the dominant somatosensory input to SMI area 1? |
|
Definition
| rapidly adapting cutaneous receptors |
|
|
Term
| how are the spatial characteristics of a stimulus noted in the SMI? |
|
Definition
| the discharge of neurons in the SM1 is related to the sensation and its somatotopic location. That is why the monkey's brain shows the k |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain is important for multisensory processing? |
|
Definition
| brodmann's areas 5 and 7 = somatosensory association cortex |
|
|
Term
| where is the somatosensory association cortex? |
|
Definition
| in the superior parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain helps us determine where we are in space and what is part of us and what isn't? |
|
Definition
| somatosensory association cortex = Brodmann's areas 5 and 7 |
|
|
Term
| what is the f unction of Brodmann's areas 39 and 40? |
|
Definition
| interpretation of sensory information, body image |
|
|
Term
| where are Brodmann's areas 39 and 40? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with graphesthesia, which brodmann's areas sense the timing and the pattern of the sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with graphesthesia, which brodmann's areas integrate what's going together to identify the number or letter being traced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a sensory deficit? |
|
Definition
| you can't detect the basic input |
|
|
Term
| what is an impaired body image/body schema? |
|
Definition
| not knowing whether it's your body part or where it is in space |
|
|
Term
| what is a spatial relations deficit? |
|
Definition
| can't determien where your body is inrelation to other things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can't recognize the way something feels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor planning problem: cant' figure out how to make their body do what you're asking them to do. |
|
|
Term
| is sensation necessary for movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is sensation necessary for learning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the primary motor cortex located? |
|
Definition
| in the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe |
|
|
Term
| what is the Brodmann's area of the primary motor cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what projects to the primary motor cortex? |
|
Definition
| supplementary motor area, premotor cortex |
|
|
Term
| what molecular layer is missing in the primary motor cortex? |
|
Definition
| layer 4: internal granular layer |
|
|
Term
| why is the primary motor cortex missing layer 4? |
|
Definition
| layer 4 brings input from the thalamus, and the primary motor cortex doesn't get input from the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| what is the brodmann's area fo the supplementary motor area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the brodmann's area for the premotor cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a motor homonculus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what areas make up the motor cortex? |
|
Definition
| premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, primary motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| what are the inputs to the motor cortex? |
|
Definition
| periphery via thalamus and sensory cortex, cerebellum via thalamus, basal ganglia via thalamus |
|
|
Term
| what are the outputs from the motor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major descending pathway from the motor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the brainstem nuclei that receive from the motor cortex and proejct to the psinal cord? |
|
Definition
| vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal |
|
|
Term
| how does information get from the motor cortex to the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the more dorsolateral motor descendign pathways that control distal muscles? |
|
Definition
| corticospinal, rubrospinal |
|
|
Term
| what are the more ventromedial descending pathways that control proximal muscles? |
|
Definition
| reticulospinal, vestibulospinal |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the corticospinal pathway in the medulla? |
|
Definition
| 90% of the fibers cross to the other side to from the lateral corticospinal pathway while the other 10% continue down into the psinal cord as the anterior corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| what does a single corticospinal neuron in the spinal cord look like? |
|
Definition
| a single corticospinal enuron can branch to affect a lot of different parts/levels of the psinal cord. The neuron goes to multiple places to create coordinated, smooth movements. |
|
|
Term
| what is the job of the ventromedial group of the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal pathways? |
|
Definition
| extensory proximal muscle innervation for posture, to keep us upright |
|
|
Term
| what is the job of the dorsolateral group of the corticospinal and rubrospinal pathwas |
|
Definition
| used for distal flexor muscle innervation: fine motor control |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you get lesions of the motor cortex? |
|
Definition
| weakness, loss of fine motor control, problems with force control and complex movements |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you get lesions of the premotor cortex? |
|
Definition
| proximal weakness, difficulty with sensory guidance of limb movements (apraxia), decreased bilateral coordination |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you get lesions to the supplementary motor area? |
|
Definition
| difficultywith motor programming and sequecning, decreased corodinatino of posture and movement |
|
|
Term
| how can you help someone who has a lesion to the supplementary motor area resulting in impaired motor programming and sequencing? |
|
Definition
| provide more sensory guidance: marks on the floor, auditory cues to help them move |
|
|
Term
| to what structure does the cerebellum have a connection that the basal ganglia does not have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| Involved in programming/planning voluntary movements; Coordinates movement; Compares intended and actual movement and corrects for differences; Involved in equilibrium and gait; Involved in motor learning |
|
|
Term
| what parts of the brain are involved in planning and programming movement? |
|
Definition
| sensory association cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, premotor cortex |
|
|
Term
| what parts of the brain are involved in executing movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the cerebellum helps to plan and program movement |
|
Definition
| lateral cerebrocerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what part of the cerebellum helps to execute movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the cerebellum a comparator? |
|
Definition
| the motor cortex sends an efferent copy of the motor plan from the cortex to the cerebellum. The periphery sends feedback to cerebellum about what happened. |
|
|
Term
| what is the medial part of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum located? |
|
Definition
| deep inside the cerebellar hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 layers of the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, granular layer |
|
|
Term
| what is found in the molecular layer of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axons from the granule cells that run parallel to each other in the molecular layer |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the parallel fibers |
|
Definition
| parallel fibers send excitatory input to the dendrites of a purkinje cell |
|
|
Term
| what are the major afferent connections to the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| somatosensory and visual inputs from the periphery, brainstem, cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| afferent axons that come into the cerebellary cortex from the brainstem nuclei and the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| afferent axons that come into the cerebellar cortex from the inferior olive |
|
|
Term
| to where do mossy and climbing fibers project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are purkinje cells excitatory or inhibitory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beside purkinje cells, where else do climbing and mossy fibers synapse? |
|
Definition
| deep ceerebellar nuclei AND neurons in the cerebellar cortex |
|
|
Term
| what are the major efferent connections of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| all major descending pathways; cerebral cortex (via thalamus) |
|
|
Term
| to which deep cerebellar nuclei does the vermis project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to which deep cerebellar nuclei does the paramedian portion of the cerebellum project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to where does the vestibulocerebellum project? |
|
Definition
| fastigial nucleus and vestibular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what part of the cerebellum projects to the dentate nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum |
|
Definition
| eye movements and body equilibrium during stance and gait |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the spinocerebellum |
|
Definition
| ongoing execution of limb movement, regulation of muscle tone |
|
|
Term
| what are the ufnctions of the neocerebellum? |
|
Definition
| movement planning and initiation, motor learning |
|
|
Term
| what does the cerebellum need to optimize movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 major tasks of the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| learning new motor sequences, improving performance of motor tasks, visuomotor coordination |
|
|
Term
| through what pathway does sensory information reach the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is explicit learning |
|
Definition
| learning in which you follow given directions |
|
|
Term
| what is implicit learning? |
|
Definition
| trial and error learning, like riding a bike. Nobody can tell you exactly how to move your body to ride a bike |
|
|
Term
| where in the brain does explicit learning occur? |
|
Definition
| cortical medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, diencephalon, thalamus |
|
|
Term
| what is decomposition of movement? |
|
Definition
| breaking movement down so that you only move one joint at a time |
|
|
Term
| will you need your cerebellum to correctly perofrm a new, visually guided reaching movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the deficits seen in a person with a lesion of the vestibulocerebellum |
|
Definition
| inability to stand or sit without swaying or falling (truncal ataxia); abnormal head and eye movements (nystagmus) |
|
|
Term
| what are the deficits seen in a person with a lesion to the spinocerebellum |
|
Definition
| unsteady walking, staggering (gait ataxia); hypotonia; intention tremor |
|
|
Term
| what are the deficits seen in a person with a lesion to the neocerebelum |
|
Definition
| irrgular limb movements (limb ataxia); loss of muscle coordination: difficulty initating movement, dysmetria, decomposition of movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inaccurate range and direction of movement |
|
|
Term
| are the spinal cord, brain stem, and cortical motor areas organized hierarchically or in parallel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ultimate purpose of the premotor cortical areas |
|
Definition
| prepare the motor systems for movement |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what is another name or the cerebrocerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the cerebellum participate in motor learning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 major anatomical components of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| cortex, deep nuclei, cerebellar peduncles |
|
|
Term
| what type of fibers carry input to the cerebellum from the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and vestibular nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the folds of the cerebellum; increase surface area |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 parts of the spinocerebellum? |
|
Definition
| vermus (median) and paramedian portions |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 parts of the vestibulocerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the cerebrocerebellum in relation to the spinocerebellum? |
|
Definition
| cerebroocerebellum is lateral to and surrounding the spinocerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what determines the functional subdivision of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum |
|
Definition
| movement planning and learning; skilled movements |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the vestibulocerebellm |
|
Definition
| posture, equilibirum, eye movement |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the vermis in the spinocerebellum |
|
Definition
| proximal muscle movements, eye movements |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the paramedian region of the spinocerebellum |
|
Definition
| distal limb muscle movements |
|
|
Term
| describe the somatotopicmap of the body on the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| in the spinocerebellum: upiside down proximally and then right side up distally (fractionated, not a continuous map) |
|
|
Term
| what part of the cerebellum provides input to the deep cerebellar nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the deep nuclei do? |
|
Definition
| house the neurons that give rise to the major excitatory output pathways from the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 nuceli in the interposed nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
