Term
| What is important to know when choosing a botanical? |
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Definition
A. Delivery forms
1. Extracts: dry, liquid, CO2, standardized
Why standardize? Why not?
2. Infusion, tea, decoction
B. Safety |
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Term
| Calendula Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
1. Part used: petals or whole flower tops
2. Used for: topically for skin problems, irritations, itching, diaper rash, scrapes, bruises, minor burns, sun burns, shingles. Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antiseptic. Internally for digestive inflammation.
3. Safety: No known toxicity. Gentle. CIR = “safe”
4. Studies (+200 in PubMed): anti-inflammatory = increased SOD, decreased cytokines; decreased paw edema in animals; decreased length & severity of gingivitis; beneficial for skin problems during radiation. |
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Term
| Lavender Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
1. Part used: flowers
2. Used for: topically for skin issues, burns, irritations, aches,
acne, calming tonic. Headaches, relaxation, sleep. Cosmetics.
3. Safety: No known toxicity. Gentle.
4. Studies (+1100 PubMed, especially on essential oil): oral extract from essential oil, 12/2010, 3 double-blind, randomized clinical trials, for anxiety disorder. Antibacterial, acne, dementia aggressiveness. |
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Term
| Chamomile Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
1. Part used: flowers (fresh or dried.) Active: apigenin flavonoid
2. Used for: topically for skin inflammations. Cosmetics. Mouth wash. Gentle relaxant, digestive issues, carminative, used for insomnia and anxiety.
3. Safety: No known toxicity. Check for allergies. Gentle.
4. Studies: Beneficial as mouthwash or gargle; 10 studies effective for dermatological and respiratory issues. As effective as hydrocortisone for dermatoses inflammation. |
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Term
| Arnica Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
1. Part used: flowers (fresh and dried)
2. Used for: topically for inflammation, bruises, sprains, pain, sore muscles.
3. Safety: Do not take internally. Exception: No toxicity with homeopathic remedies.
4. Studies: randomized, double-blind study on laser-induced bruising, topical arnica decreased bruising compared to vitamin K formulations and placebo. Other contradictory studies. |
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Term
| Devil’s Claw Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
*Part used: rhizome
* Used for: inflammation and arthritis. Analgesic.
* Safety: Consult a physician if ulcers or gallstones.
* Studies: Decreases COX 1 & COX 2 activity. Decreases cytokines & TNF. Significant anti-inflammatory in mice studies. Antioxidant activities. Maximum pain relief after 3-4 months |
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Term
| Ginger Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
*Part used: root
*Used for inflammation, muscle soreness, nausea & motion sickness, fever, circulation, arthritis.
*Safety: digestive issues
* Studies: antiemetic post-operative, pregnancy & motion sickness. Nonalcoholic fatty liver. Increases anti-inflammatory/decreases pro-inflammatory activity. Neuroprotective in diabetic rats. Antioxidant. |
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Term
| Hawthorn Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
1. Part used: Berries
2. Used for: cardiac tonic, strengthen vascular system
3. Safety: consult physician if taking other heart medications, especially digitalis
4. Studies: 12/2010 neuroprotective effect in cerebral artery of induced-stroke rats, minimized cell death. |
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Term
| Arjuna Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown & other botanicals with similar medicinal properties |
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Definition
1. Part used: bark
2. Used in Ayurvedic medicine for heart & liver health
3. Found safe in current studies
4. Studies: Most studies are from India and with animals. Protective for left ventricular functions, decreased oxidative stress, improved cardiac functions, anti-hyperlipidemia, prevention of coronary arterial disease. Also for endurance.
other cardioprotective botanicals: horse chestnut, butcher’s broom, Cactus Grandiflorus, garlic, also antioxidants, calming herbs |
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Term
| Milk Thistle Part used, (stardardized?), Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown & Other liver herbs (4) |
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Definition
1. Part Used: seeds
2. Standardized: 70-80% silymarin (combination of 4 actives)
3. Used for: liver issues
4. Safety: may cause diarrhea, headaches; contraindicated for drugs using P450 metabolism
5. Studies: Literature review-effective treatment for alcoholic liver; over 50 clinical studies; increases SOD & glutathione levels.
6. Other liver herbs: Burdock (affinity for skin problems), Oregon grape root (indigenous to Northwest), fringe tree (detoxification), gentian (gall bladder) |
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Term
| Meadowsweet Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
1. Part used: leaf and flowering tops
2. Used for: inflammation, headache, gastritis, stomach issues, diarrhea, anti-acid
3. Safety: No known toxicity
4. Studies: Contains high levels of salicylic acids without aspiring side effects. |
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Term
| Ginkgo Biloba Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown, and standardization |
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Definition
1. Part used: dried leaf
2. Standardization: 24% flavonoid glycosides, 6% terpenes
Other actives: major flavonoid derived from rutin including proanthocyancinidins & at least 3 others; at least 5 specific terpenes
3. Used for: memory, focusing, & cognitive function, peripheral vascular insufficiency, tinnitus, mountain sickness, eye problems, ADHD, stroke, CFS, PMS, depression or anxiety issues
4. Study results: most effective in young, healthy people for improving cognitive function; effective for elderly to increase pain-free walking, for improving daily functioning & social behavior.
5. Safety including drug interactions: Seeds can be toxic;
Anti-platelet; may alter insulin for type 2 diabetics; some drug interactions. Commission E: safe for pregnancy & lactation. |
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Term
| Rhodiola Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
a. Part used: root
b. actives: rosavins (specific to rhodiola rosea); contains over 30 compounds. Salidroside (also called rhodioloside or rhosine); catechines, proanthocyanidins
c. used for: fatigue, stress, antioxidant, alertness, physical recovery, CVD effects, reproductive issues, protection for environmental stressors, physical stamina, increases serotonin levels.
d. studies: human studies = increased alertness, higher scores on cognitive tests; free radical scavenger; increased enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms; decreased fatigue; liver and pancreas protective; withstanding cold, nicotine w/d.
e. safety: low toxicity; may effect overly-anxious individuals differently. |
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Term
| American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
a. Part used: root
b. Actives: ginsenosides. Compared with other ginsengs: more Rb1,Rc,Rd,Re; less Rb2 & Rg1
Rg1 = CNS stimulant, increases BP, increases angiogenesis
Rb1 = decreases angiogenesis, decreases bp, CNS depressant
Quinquefolans = hypoglycemic
c. Traditionally used for: adaptogen, irritability, stamina, anemia, diabetes, impotence, stress, cancer
d. Studies: Type 2 diabetes; respiratory tract infections; decreased muscle damage from exercise; with ginkgo - improved ADHD symptoms in ages 3-17 yrs; activates monocytes, increases NK cells; increases interleukin-2 and macrophages; increases sexual drive.
e. Safety: American ginseng is endangered species; in humans, possible GI tract irritations; nervousness. |
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Term
| Astragalus Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
a. Part used: Root
b. Actives: 40+ saponins, several flavonoids, polysacchrides
c. Used for: common cold, upper respiratory, immune system, CFS, antiviral, antibacterial, liver support, antioxidant, chemo & radiation, liver protective.
d. Studies: Chinese studies-beneficial for common cold, increase white blood cells. In vitro: activate B cells & macrophages, increase antibody levels of IgA &IgG in nasal secretions, increase interleuikin-2 levels, increase lymphocyte production.
e. Safety: very low toxicity. Not with immunosuppressant drugs, nor with lithium (due to possible diuretic effects) |
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Term
| Reishi Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
a. Whole, woody, tough mushroom is used. In Chinese literature since 3500 BC.
b. Traditionally used for: adaptogen, resistance to stress, adrenal support, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, oxygenates blood; liver protective.
c. Studies: IBIDS over 500 reports. Increase macrophages. Cancer studies in China – inhibits tumor growth, blocks receptors in proliferation of hepatoma cells; with chemo/radiation patients, stimulates ability to fight off cancer & secondary infections. Protease inhibitors and other anti-HIV substances have been found in Reishi mushrooms. Lowers cholesterol; decreases blood insulin levels in animals; animal studies with water extracts decreases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
d. Safety: may be hypotensive |
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Term
| Green Tea Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
1. Part used: leaf
2. Actives: catechins (polyphenols) - EGCG, EC, ECG, L-theanine
3. used for: antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, alertness, heart issues, blood pressure, weight loss; liver protective; improvement in attention.
4. studies: higher ORAC than individual servings of fruits and vegetables; in vitro, increase antioxidant activities, suppress tumor growth and inhibit estrogen receptor interaction; epidemiological studies = decreased risk of stroke and CVD; reduction of hypertension; increased energy markers; stimulates thermogenesis. L-theanine (amino acid) – relaxant, aids sleep.
5. safety: low toxicity; contains caffeine (3-5% dry weight); may reduce nonheme iron absorption |
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Term
| Cat's Claw Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
1. Part used: Dried (inner) bark, stalk or root
2. Standarized: varies
3. Used for: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, arthritis, immune support, protective against UV rays; anti-viral, HIV
4. Studies: significantly beneficial for pain reduction, significantly less lung inflammation in mice
5. Safety: considered safe. Must be ethically wild-crafted, sustainable. |
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Term
| Goldenseal Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
1. part used: root or rhizome (at least 3 years old)
2. Constituents: hydrastine, canadine; best known & most studied berberine (anti-microbial)
3. Used for: common cold, respiratory infections, flu, cough, fever, pneumonia, drug tests, other infections. Powerful tonic. Topically for infected wounds.
4. Studies: antimicrobial for staph, strep, e coli, tuberculosis. Berberine “promising as safe anti-cancer agent, beneficial to mitachondria.” Anti-tumor.
5. Safe short-term. Not for newborns, pregnant or lactating women. Make sure ethically wild-crafted or cultivated. |
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Term
| Cleavers Part used, Used for, Safety |
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Definition
1. parts used: dried aerial parts, harvested just as flowers are appearing
2 .Used for: soothing diuretic, mild astringent, enlarged lymph nodes, tonics, swollen glands, lymph tonic, anti-inflammatory, urinary tract infections, skin problems (eczema, psoriasis, nodular conditions), mono, gout
3. considered safe, not for patients on diuretics |
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Term
| Elecampane Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
1. Part used: root or rhizome
2. Constituents: 40% inulin, mucilage (soothing), essential oils (stimulating)
3. Used for: expectorant, anti-tussive, respiratory tract conditions, asthma, bronchitis, coughs (wet coughs), excessive mucous excretions, cleansing tonic to mucous membranes, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal.
4. Studies: 2 from Korea, increases detoxifying enzymes
5. Considered safe, even for children |
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Term
| Other herbs used for cognitive function |
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Definition
| Sage, gotu kola, rosemary |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-toxic normalizer. Helps adapt to stress (physical environment, emotional) by supporting the adrenal glands & endocrine system. All adaptogens good for fertility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese ginseng (panax ginseng), “Siberian ginseng” (eleuterococcus senticosus), licorice, schisandra (magnolia vine in U.S), maca |
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Term
| Other Medicinal Mushrooms (2) |
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Definition
| Cordyceps. Studied for lung cancer. Used for respiratory, lung support; |
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Term
| Chaste Tree Part used, Used for, Safety, and What Studies Have Shown |
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Definition
a. Part used: fruit/berries
b. Constituents: Iridoid glycosides and flavonoids
c. Used for: female reproductive tonic, dymenorrhea, PMS, regain hormonal balance after birth control pill
d. Studies: stimulates and normalizes the pituitary gland, thus stimulating the release of LH; normalizes progesterone levels and prolactin. Large study with 1,542 women for extended periods: effective for PMS in 92% of participants.
e. Considered safe |
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Term
| Other Herbs for Respiratory System, demulcents (4), and good for coughs (5), Essential oils (2) |
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Definition
Demulcents like coltsfoot, marshmallow, slippery elm or mullein. Essential oils like eucalyptus and ravinsara (ravensara). Also: topical chest rubs.
For coughs: Wild Cherry Bark, horehound, grindelia (for dry, unproductive coughs), coltsfoot (thins mucus), mullein (dry coughs and hoarsness) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Dong Quai, Black Cohosh, Chaste Tree
2. For symptoms: ginkgo, St. John’s Wort, kava, Motherwort for hot flashes |
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Term
| Herbs contraindicated during pregnancy (65 lol) |
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Definition
David Hoffman: autumn Crocus, Barberry, Golden Seal, Juniper, Male Fern, Mandrake, Pennyroyal, Poke Root, Rue, Sage, Southernwood, Tansy, Thuja, Wormwood
Tori Hudson N.D.:
alder buckthorn, aloes, angelica, arnica, autumn crocus, barberry bethroot, black cohosh, blue cohosh, broom, butternut, calamus, calendula, cascara sagrada, coltsfoot, cowslip, damiana, dong quai, ephredra, ginseng, feverfew, goat’s rue, goldenseal, gotu kola, ipecac, juniper berries, licorice, lily of the valley, lobelia, male fern, mandrake, mistletoe, mugwort, nutmeg, pennyroyal, periwinkle, Peruvian bark, pleurisy root, poke root, rue, rhubarb, sage, sarsaparilla, senna, shepherd’s purse, stillingia, tansy, thuja, wormwood, yarrow |
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Term
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Definition
| Sooths inflammation, coughs, bronchial problems, and mucous linings. |
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Term
| Salicylic acids: What are they and what herb had this constituent? |
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Definition
Meadow sweet!
Can be used like Aspirin (but don't have the side effects of Aspirin). |
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Term
| Protectin and Resolvins: What these? |
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Definition
| Omega 3 fatty acids: DHA and EPA |
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Term
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Definition
Woody parts of plant used; roots, bark and woody stems.
Boil them in water, have to be rougher on them to get medicinal constituents out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Segments of replicating DNA (they can become like a frayed end of a shoe lace). To reduce shortening: Omega 3s, green tea, multivitamins, antioxidants |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in green teal relaxes you (found in sleep formulas/anti-anxiety) |
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Term
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Definition
| MAO inhibitor; can be found in St.John's Wart |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in most studies to regulate serotonin: St.John's Wart, want to use Hypericin and Hyperforin together. Both found in St.John's Wart |
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Term
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Definition
| Milk Thistle medicinal property. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plaque in brain; outside cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Alzheimer patients found with this inside the cells; dead or dying nerve cells. |
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Term
| 2 Herbs with FDA warnings. Why? |
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Definition
Kava: People who got liver transplants and used Kava died (also the plant wasn't used correctly, some people used whole plant instead of just the medicinal parts).
Stevia: Issue of corporate greed (even banned stevia from cookbooks). Coca cola started wanting to use Stevia and GRAS tested it. Now it's cool. |
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Term
| 2 herbs beneficial for relaxation |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 herbs beneficial for mental alertness: |
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Definition
| adaptogens (Rhodiola, American Ginseng), green tea |
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Term
| 2 herbs beneficial for immune health: |
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Definition
| Reishi mushrooms! Turkey Tail mushrooms (which are delish!) Goldenseal, Astralagus |
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Term
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Definition
| Kava, Chamomile, Motherwart |
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Term
| 2 herbs for liver health: |
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Definition
| Milk thistle, burdock root |
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Term
| 2 herbs for digestive health: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Valerian root, Passion flower |
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Term
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Definition
| Devil's claw (easy to remember because it sounds contradictive), Arnica! |
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Term
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Definition
| Only one I remember is Milk thistle, but Lavender is anti-microbial and good for cuts so IDK! |
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Term
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Definition
| chaste tree, Don't remember others hahahaha |
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