Term
| what are the 3 basic functions of integumentary system |
|
Definition
| protection, thermoregulation, sensation |
|
|
Term
| what is the basic integumentary structure |
|
Definition
| layer of epithelial cells overlying a mesh of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 principle parts of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average skin thickness of thin skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average skin thickness of thick skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where on your body is the skin 2mm thick? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what surfaces tend to be thin skinned? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the bottom layer of the epidermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the basal stratum |
|
Definition
| generates cells. Cells divide and push toward outer layers of skin |
|
|
Term
| how many layers of cells are in the basal stratum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do basal cells become once they divde and push out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many cell layers in the stratum spinosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cytoplasmia spinea |
|
Definition
| spiny projections in the stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
| what are the cells in the stratum spinosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of Langerhans cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects Langerhans cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is special about desmosomal connectors |
|
Definition
| have some antibacterial properties to prevent infection |
|
|
Term
| what is the next outer layer after stratum spinosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many cell layers in the stratum granulosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are cells like in stratum granulosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to cells in stratum granulosum |
|
Definition
| cells die and are filled with keratin |
|
|
Term
| what are the granules in the stratum granulosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the next outer layer after stratum granulusm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many layers of cells are in the stratum lucidum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is special about stratum lucidum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the outermost layer in the epidermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the stratum corneum composed of |
|
Definition
| fully keratinized flat, dead cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that contain melanin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| give your skin color and also protect you from UV radiation |
|
|
Term
| what has happened when you get a tan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what layer are melanocytes and into which layer do the project |
|
Definition
| melanocytes are in the basal layer and project into the spinosum |
|
|
Term
| generally, what do cells do on their transit to the outermost layer of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 layers of the dermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the papillary layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the papillary layer composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the reticular layer |
|
Definition
| deep to the papillary layer |
|
|
Term
| what is the reticular layer composed of |
|
Definition
| dense connective tissue with thicker collagen, fewer cells, more fibers |
|
|
Term
| where does scar tissue form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do free nerve endings sit and to where do they project? |
|
Definition
| free nerve endings sit right underneath papillary layer and project into papillary layer |
|
|
Term
| what important things are in the dermis |
|
Definition
| vasculature, free nerve endings |
|
|
Term
| does the epidermis have vasculature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the epidermis fed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does most surface bleeding come from |
|
Definition
| reticular layer of dermis |
|
|
Term
| what is the supportive layer of the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the hypodermis composed of? |
|
Definition
| layer of adipose tissue and layer of dense irregular connective tissue/superficial fascia |
|
|
Term
| what is the hypodermis a conduit for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of sweat glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do apocrine glands respond to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are apocrine glands located |
|
Definition
| axillary and genital regions |
|
|
Term
| where are eccrine glands located |
|
Definition
| distributed throughout; many on soles, palms |
|
|
Term
| what do sebaceous glands produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in thermal situations, what leads to a faster transfer rate (of temperature)? |
|
Definition
| greater temperature difference |
|
|
Term
| what materials transfer temperature difference at a faster rate |
|
Definition
| high thermal conductive materials |
|
|
Term
| in thermal situations, what increases the total transfer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does skin thickness affect rate of temperature change |
|
Definition
| rate of temperature change decreases in proportion to skin thickness |
|
|
Term
| what is a high thermal conductive material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does a large area of contact affect total transfer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does a large temperature difference affect transfer rate of heat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does increased skin thickness affect transfer rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thermal transfer by physical contact between 2 substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thermal transfer by movement of medium around and in contact with the substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thermal transfer by transfer of energy from high to low without contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drying process of sweat/exhalation, which changes temperature |
|
|
Term
| putting icepacks or coldpacks on someone is an example of what kind of thermal transfer mode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whirlpools, spinning beer in wate are examples of what kind of thermal transfer mode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how should humidity be for evaporation to work at cooling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define consensual transfer |
|
Definition
| cooling one area of the body in order to cool another area |
|
|
Term
| what body system is used in consensual transfer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you use consensual cooling to cool a swollen knee that is covered in bandages? |
|
Definition
| put the icepack on the femoral artery so that blood is cooled as it goes into knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking one form of energy and turning it into another |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of conversion |
|
Definition
| ultrasound converts sound energy into thermal energy |
|
|
Term
| what happens when you raise the temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does increasing the temperature increase the inflammatory response |
|
Definition
| because of increase in histamine, prostaglandin release |
|
|
Term
| what are histamine and prostaglandins (what do they do?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the reflex loop caused by increase in temperature? |
|
Definition
| activation of cutaneous receptors sends signals into the spinal cord dorsal root ganglion, leading to a reduction in sympathetic activity. Decreasing sympathetic activity causes vasodilation. |
|
|
Term
| what is another result of increased temperature to activate cutaneous thermoreceptors/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to blood when you cool it/the area that it's in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does decreasing temperature affect the inflammatory reaction that leads to histamine and prostaglandin release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the result in a decrease in the inflammatory reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the reflex loop caused by decrease in temperature |
|
Definition
| activation of cutaneous receptors sends signals into the spinal cord dorsal root ganglion leading to an increase in sympathetic activity. Increasing sympathetic activity causes vasoconstriction. |
|
|
Term
| what is another result of decreased temperature to activate cutaneous thermoreceptors |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle contraciton |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of smooth muscle contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the result of vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there typically more or less oxygen saturation in venous blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the internal body temp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if I warm up a body part to 43C, how is oxygen dissocation changed |
|
Definition
| increases. Shifts oxygen disocation curve to the right because there is greater partial pressure of oxygen and less %saturation in the blood. Oxygen leaves the bloodstream and is more available to the body. |
|
|
Term
| if I cool down a part of the body, how is oxygen dissociation affected |
|
Definition
| shifts oxygen dissocation curve to the left. There is less oxygen that can come out of the arterial system into the tissue. |
|
|
Term
| why do you put cold on someone with inflammatio |
|
Definition
| to limit damage by shutting down metabolism for a while |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acute inflammatory stages |
|
|
Term
| what is secondary hypoxic injury |
|
Definition
| cells die because oxygen can't reach them through swelling |
|
|
Term
| why can cold interfere with healing in later stages |
|
Definition
| cold continues to suppress metabolic response and healing cells might not be as active as they should be |
|
|
Term
| how does heat affect metabolism |
|
Definition
| heat increases metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase oxygen uptake, increase enzymatic/metabolic response |
|
|
Term
| why is heat bad for acute injury |
|
Definition
| can create more fluid, leading to secondary hypoxic injury |
|
|
Term
| what are neuromuscular effects of cold |
|
Definition
| decreased NCV, decreased pain, decreased spasticity, increased pain threshold, altered muscle strength, facilitates muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| why does cold decrease spasticity |
|
Definition
| because it decreases action potentials |
|
|
Term
| what are neuromuscular effects of heat |
|
Definition
| increased NCV, decreased latency, muscle relaxation, decreased pain, strength changes |
|
|
Term
| what strength changes occur with heat |
|
Definition
| decreased for 30 minutes after, recovers over 2 hours, then increases |
|
|
Term
| what causes muscles to relax with heat application? |
|
Definition
| decreases Type II afferents and gamma efferents going to muscle spindle, increases golgi tendon organ, decreased activity on the motor nerve |
|
|
Term
| how does heat decrease pain |
|
Definition
| activation of thermal receptors in the skin compete with pain receptors and close the gate (gate theory) |
|
|
Term
| how does cold application affect strength |
|
Definition
| strength decreases for about half an hour, recovers over 2 hours, then increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cold induced vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| what is the lowest temperature you should allow a tissue to get? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what conditions can occur if tissue gets below 10C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tissue thinks it's being frozen. The response of the tissue getting too cold too fast is to increase blood flow into the area.This increases the temperature so that the response shuts off. Then, the temperature drops again and the response recurs. |
|
|
Term
| does Hunting response show up in everyone all the time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response to cold that causes massive increase in bloodflow to the point that you can see a measurable increase in the fluid volume/lymph. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| getting the part too cold too quickly or keeping cold on for too long. |
|
|
Term
| what will happen if you cool a temperature at 10C/50F for 30 minutes? |
|
Definition
| volume increase from cold induced vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| what will happen if you cool a temperature at 1C for 15 minutes? |
|
Definition
| volume increase from cold induced vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| what is the highest possible temperature to which you should heat a body part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the direction of thermal flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are local responses to temperature change |
|
Definition
| healing in treated area, consensual change, contralateral change |
|
|
Term
| what are contralateral changes |
|
Definition
| heating/cooling one side of the body will heat/cool other side of body |
|
|
Term
| what are full body systemic responses to temperature change |
|
Definition
| changes in full body temp; changes in heart rate/BP/breathing |
|
|
Term
| how does sitting in a hot tub affect blood pressure |
|
Definition
| The water is warmer than you are. You start to heat up inside. Your body tries to cool you down. Blood that is normally in your internal organs moves out to the skin. All the blood being out in your skin reduces blood pressure. Heart responds by pumping faster to try to bring blood out of periphery when you try to stand |
|
|
Term
| how do you safely exit a hot tub |
|
Definition
| sit on edge first to allow bp to readjust |
|
|
Term
| what is the longest time frame you can use for cold packs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do you have to use an insulator with a hotpack |
|
Definition
| if you put a hotpack directly on someone's skin, you'll burn them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why can you use a higher temperature of paraffin than water? |
|
Definition
| oil gives up temperature more slowly than water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit contains chopped cellulose. Heater and blower pushes hot air into cellulose. Cellulose moves and feels like water to submerged bodypart. High temperature application of an agitated substance |
|
|
Term
| what are contrast baths used for |
|
Definition
| exercise the vascular system |
|
|
Term
| time frame for contrast baths |
|
Definition
| 4 min warm, 1 min cold. Repeat cycle 4-5 times for 20-25 min total |
|
|
Term
| what temp for cold in contrast baths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what temp for warm in contrast baths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to use contrast baths |
|
Definition
| for swelling that isn't getting better |
|
|
Term
| why are contrast baths hard to do at hom |
|
Definition
| hard to keep temperatures right |
|
|
Term
| describe infrared radiation used as clinical heat source |
|
Definition
| infrared lamp to warm an area. Not used because hotpacks are easier |
|
|
Term
| what are indications for using heat |
|
Definition
| pain control, to increase ROM, to decrease joint stiffness, to accelerate healing, for dermal wounds |
|
|
Term
| how do you heat dermal wounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are contraindications for heat |
|
Definition
| acute injury/inflammation, hemorrhage, thrombophlebitis, impaired sensation, impaired mentation, malignancy |
|
|
Term
| why is heat contraindicated for acute injury/inflammation |
|
Definition
| if you apply heat too early in the inflammatory phase, you will increase bloodflow in an area that is already swollen, leading to secondary hypoxia. You'll also increase metabolism and make more cells that want oxygen but can't get it |
|
|
Term
| why is hemorrhage a contraindication for heat |
|
Definition
| if you have blood vessels that are healing and you draw in more blood, you'll increase pressure on them and cause breaks |
|
|
Term
| why is thrombophlebitis a contraindication for heat |
|
Definition
| potentia DVTs: if you increase blood flow too much, you can loosen/break a clot |
|
|
Term
| what are precautions for superficial heat applications |
|
Definition
| pregnancy, poor thermal regulation, edema, cardiac insufficiency, superficial metal, open wounds, topical counter-irritants |
|
|
Term
| describe heat precautions for pregnancy |
|
Definition
| ok to use superficial heat on limbs, not ok for full body or large area |
|
|
Term
| describe heat precautions for poor thermal regulation |
|
Definition
| very old, very young can't regulate temperature very well |
|
|
Term
| describe superficial heat precautions for cardiac insufficiency |
|
Definition
| can't get blood out efficiently in the body. Thermal issues cause cardiac system to work harder. Heating rapidly/too large an area puts stress on cardiac system. |
|
|
Term
| what are adverse effects of superficial heat applications |
|
Definition
| burns, fainting, bleeding in acute areas, skin/eye damage with infrared |
|
|
Term
| what temperature must you stay below to avoid adverse effects from superficial heat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does fainting occur with superficial heat |
|
Definition
| you're not getting vascular supply to your head they way you should. |
|
|
Term
| can you frostbite someone with crushed ice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can you frostbite someone with a freezer pack |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe cold compression units |
|
Definition
| put sleeve around injury, connect it to tube, coldwater flows from container to sleeve. Fills sleeve up, puts pressure and cold on injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation, edema, pain, spasticity, need for muscle facilitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compression and elevatoin |
|
|
Term
| what are contraindications for cold |
|
Definition
| cold hypersensitivity, cold intolerance, circulatory compromise, regenerating peripheral nerves, blood in urine |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of cold intolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of circulatory compromise |
|
Definition
| peripheral vascular disease |
|
|
Term
| what are precautions for cold |
|
Definition
| superficial main nerve branch, open wounds, hypertension, poor sensation, poor mentation, poor thermal regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are adverse effects of cold application |
|
Definition
| tissue death/damage, frostbite, nerve damage, cold induced vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| what is the longest time frame you can use for freezer packs (diff from other cold packs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does it take to achieve vasoconstriction with cold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of water for physical and/or psychological problems |
|
|
Term
| what is hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
| pressure exerted by water on the immersed body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid flow in which the velocity at a given point varies erratically in magnitude and direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of water molecules to adhere to molecules of other substances |
|
|
Term
| what property of water is significant in volumetric measuring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of water molecules to adhere to each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water molecules on the surface have a greater tendency to hold together, resistance is slightly greater than for adhesion and cohesion |
|
|
Term
| what property of water gives water its substance/makes it hurt when you do a belly flop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are indications for hydrotherapy |
|
Definition
| superficial heating/cooling, wound care, water exercise, pain control, edema/inflammation control |
|
|
Term
| what is an extremity tank |
|
Definition
| tank for putting extremity in |
|
|
Term
| what is a leg or hip tank |
|
Definition
| tank for putting leg or hip in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whirlpool low to the ground, easy to climb into |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common form of hydroptherapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whirlpool with 8 shape for arms and legs to move |
|
|
Term
| what is a pulse lavage/vac |
|
Definition
| gun connected to water source that squirts water at the wound while simultaneously sucking it up. |
|
|
Term
| what are contraindications for full body hydrotherapy |
|
Definition
| cardiac instability, infectious conditions that can be spread in water, bowel incontinence, severe epilepsy, suicidal patients |
|
|
Term
| why is full body hydrotherapy not good for someone with cardiac instability |
|
Definition
| pressure changes cause problems |
|
|
Term
| what are precautions for hydrotherapy |
|
Definition
| confusion/disorientation, medications that cause drowsiness, limited strength/endurance/balance/ROM, respiratory problems, urinary incontinence, fear of water, alcohol use, pregnancy, MS, poor thermal regulation |
|
|
Term
| why is MS a precaution for hydrotherapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are adverse effects of hydrotherapy |
|
Definition
| drowning, burns, fainting, bleeding, hyponatremia, infection, edema aggravation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not enough salt in the body fluid outside of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electromagnetic radiation at wavelength of 180-400nm |
|
|
Term
| with UV radiation, is the chemical reaction created in skin thermally induced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the wavelength of UVA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is UVA ionizing or nonionizing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the wavelength of UVB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is UVB ionizing or nonionizing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the wavelength for UVC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is UVC ionizing or nonionizing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which UV penetrates deepest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which UV produces most erytema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long should a treatment of UVC last |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what spectrum UV does sun emit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are UV physiological effects due to |
|
Definition
| wavelength, intensity, thickness/pigmentation, angle of source to surface, depth |
|
|
Term
| what are the physiological effects of UV |
|
Definition
| erythema, tanning, epidermal hyperplasia, vitamin D synthesis, immune response, bacterial destruction, wound healing, psychological effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin condition that causes scaly/dry skin |
|
|
Term
| what are indications for UV |
|
Definition
| psoriasis, wound healing, other skin conditions |
|
|
Term
| what are contraindications for UV |
|
Definition
| irradiation of eyes, skin cancer, pulmonary TB, cardiac/kidney/liver disease, lupus, fever |
|
|
Term
| what are precautions for UV |
|
Definition
| photosensitizing meds, photosensitivity, recent x-ray therapy, do not repeat until effects from last treatment are gone |
|
|
Term
| why do joints heat and cool rapidly? |
|
Definition
| they don't have a lot of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| does superficial heat get into muscular layer very well? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if superficial heat doesn't get to the muscular layer, how is it that muscles relax with superficial heat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does cold or heat go deeper? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is it better to do continuous immersion or to g in and out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a possible reaction to continuous cold immersion |
|
Definition
| visceral reaction: nauseous and dizzy |
|
|
Term
| how to do cold immersion without getting visceral reaction |
|
Definition
| dip in and out until you get to a temp you want without causing a reaction |
|
|
Term
| if exercise causes inflammation, what can you do? |
|
Definition
| apply cold after activity |
|
|
Term
| what are the sensations felt with cold application, in order from first to last? |
|
Definition
| cold, mild stinging/burning, brief aching, numbness |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take to go through the sensations of cold, mild stinging/burning, brief aching, and numbness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the longest time you should apply cold for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long should you wait between cold treatments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are icepacks best used? |
|
Definition
| with an elastic wrap to apply compression |
|
|
Term
| what are the application steps for ice massage |
|
Definition
| rub ice over area for 4-8 minutes (until it goes numb.) Let the area warm until you can feel touch (about 1-2 minutes.) Ice until numbness again (1-2 minutes.) Let area warm until you feel touch again (1-2 minutes.) Do cold/thaw once more. Total treatment should last 10-12 minutes. |
|
|
Term
| what should you put between an ice pack and patient's skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2c water, 1c rubbing alcohol in a ziplock bag |
|
|
Term
| what should the temperature of a cold immersion bath be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long to do cold immersion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should a person feel with superficial heat application? |
|
Definition
| gentle, comfortable warmth. NOT HOT! |
|
|
Term
| how often to check for problems with superficial thermal application |
|
Definition
|
|
