Term
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Definition
Drug class Loop Diuretics MOA Inhibitors of Na+-K+-2Cl– symport in the thick ascending limb of loop of henle Uses acute pulmonary edema chronic congestive heart failure Edema Side effects/contraindications Hypokalemia Dehydration Ototoxicity Sulfa related |
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Term
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) |
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Definition
Drug class Thiazide diuretics MOA Inhibitors of Na+-Cl– symport in distal tubule Uses Edema HTN Side effects/contraindications Hypokalemia Dehydration Sulfa related |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Potassium-sparing diuretics MOA Na+ channel blockade in late distal tubule Uses Major utility is in combination with other diuretics for edema or HTN Side effects/contraindications Hyperkalemia |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Aldosterone Antagonists, K+-Sparing Diuretics MOA Competitively inhibit the binding of aldosterone to the MR Uses Combination with other diuretics for edema or HTN Hepatic cirrhosis CHF Side effects/contraindications Hyperkalemia |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors MOA Inhibit the conversion of Ang I to the active Ang II Uses HTN, CHF, Post-MI, Diabetes Mellitus Side effects/contraindications Contraindicated African Americans for HTN use Contraindicated pregnancy Cough (Bradykinins) Hyperkalemia Hypotension Acute Renal Failure Angioedema |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists MOA Bind to the AT1 receptor with high affinity Uses HTN CHF Diabetes mellitus Side effects/contraindications Angioedema and cough with ARBs is less than that with ACE inhibitors Contraindicated pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Direct Renin Inhibitors MOA Binds the active site of renin to block conversion of angiotensinogen to Ang I Uses HTN |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Organic Nitrates MOA NO-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle leads to vasodilation Uses Acute Angina CHF Side effects/contraindications Headache Hypotension Interaction of Nitrates with PDE5 Inhibitors (ED) |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Organic Nitrates MOA NO-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle leads to vasodilation Uses Chronic Angina Side effects/contraindications Headache Hypotension Interaction of Nitrates with PDE5 Inhibitors (ED) |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Ca2+ Channel Antagonists (CCB) MOA Relax arterial smooth muscle Uses Prinzmals angina HTN Raynauds phenomenon Side effects/contraindications Edema GERD |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Ca2+ Channel Antagonists (CCB) MOA Depress the rate of the sinus node pacemaker and slow AV conduction Uses Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias Side effects/contraindications |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class b Adrenergic Blockers MOA Slow the heart rate and decrease myocardial contractility Uses Unstable angina, MI, CHF, HTN, Performance anxiety Hyperthyroidism, Glaucoma – drops, Migraine prevention Contraindications Asthma and COPD b2 receptor blockades Raynaud’s syndrome, Depression, Severe PVD, Sinus bradycardia AV block, Diabetes, Anaphylaxis Hx Side effects Fatigue Erectile dysfunction |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class a1 Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists MOA Blockade of a1 adrenergic receptors inhibits vasoconstriction induced by endogenous catecholamines Uses HTN Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) Side effects/contraindications Marked postural hypotension and syncope sometimes occur “Floppy” cataract with tamsulosin (Flomax) |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class a2-Selective Adrenergic Receptor Agonists MOA Activation of a2 receptors in the cardiovascular control centers of the CNS suppresses the outflow of sympathetic nervous system activity Uses HTN (Pregnancy first-line, HTN crisis) ADHD side effects |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Vasodilators MOA Directly relaxes arteriolar smooth muscle Uses HTN Side effects/contraindications headache, nausea, flushing, hypotension, drug-induced lupus syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Cardiac Glycosides MOA/Uses Inhibition of the plasma membrane Na+, K+-ATPase in myocytes A positive inotropic effect on the failing myocardium (CHF) Suppression of rapid ventricular rate response in CHF-associated atrial fibrillation Regulation of downstream deleterious effects of sympathetic nervous system over-activation Side effects/contraindications Digoxin Toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Class 1 Anti-Arrhythmic MOA Na+ channel block |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Class 2 Anti-Arrhythmic MOA b blockade |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Class 3 Anti-Arrhythmic MOA action potential prolongation (usually by K+ channel block) |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Class 4 Anti-Arrhythmic MOA Ca2+ channel block |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Statins MOA Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase decreases the bodies de novo synthesis of cholesterol primarily in the liver. Uses Hyperlipidemia Side effects/contraindications liver dysfunction rhabdomyolysis Extreme caution with combination statin and fibrate |
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Term
Cholestyramine (Questran) |
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Definition
Drug class Resins MOA sequester bile acids and bile salts from being absorbed by the ileum and are consequently eliminated in the feces Uses Hyperlipidemia Bile salt–induced diarrhea Side effects/contraindications Upset GI Decreased absorption of drugs and fat soluble vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Niacin MOA Niacin impairs of the release and synthesis of VLDL by the liver Uses Hyperlipidemia Side effects/contraindications Cutaneous flush |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Fibrates MOA increase in lipolysis and decrease in VLDL levels by acting as ligands for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). Uses Hyperlipidemia Side effects/contraindications liver dysfunction rhabdomyolysis Extreme caution with combination statin and fibrate |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Absorption Inhibitors MOA decrease the intestinal uptake of dietary and liver excreted cholesterol. Uses Hyperlipidemia |
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Term
Albuterol (Ventolin)(inhaled) |
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Definition
Drug class Short acting B2-agonist MOA relax airway smooth muscle and cause a prompt increase in airflow and reduction of symptoms Uses Acute asthma – first line Side effects/contraindications Tachycardia |
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Term
Ipratropium bromide(inhaled) |
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Definition
Drug class Anticholinergics MOA Reverse vagally mediated bronchospasm but not allergen- or exercise-induced bronchospasm Uses Acute COPD – first line |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Inhaled corticosteroid MOA reduce both acute and chronic inflammation Uses Preventative asthma – first line Preventative COPD – second line Side effects/contraindications Mouth washing after use decreases local side effects (cough, dysphonia, oropharyngeal candidiasis) and systemic absorption Systemic effects may occur with high-dose inhaled corticosteroid therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Mediator inhibitors Uses Exercised-induced asthma |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Long acting B2 agonist MOA bronchodilation for up to 12 hours after a single dose Uses Preventative COPD - First-line but more effective as combination with inhaled steroid Preventative asthma when used with inhaled steroid Side effects/contraindications NEVER use alone for preventative asthma |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Phosphodiesterase inhibitors MOA mild bronchodilation anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, enhances mucociliary clearance, strengthens diaphragmatic contractility Uses Preventative Asthma – last resort Preventative COPD – last resort Side effects/contraindications narrow toxic-therapeutic range Many side effects |
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Term
Montelukast (Singulair)(oral) |
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Definition
Drug class Leukotriene modifiers MOA Leukotriene receptor antagonists Uses Preventative asthma – 2nd or 3rd line Allergic rhinitis |
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Term
Tiotropium (Spiriva)(inhaled) |
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Definition
Drug class Anticholinergics Uses Preventative COPD – first line |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Systemic corticosteroids MOA/Uses Metabolic Anti-inflammatory Immunosuppressive Side effects/contraindications diabetes-like state due to increases in blood glucose fat deposition and redistribution to face and trunk muscle wasting/weakness ulceration/PUD osteoporosis (increased osteoclast activity) increase susceptibility to infection (immune suppression) decrease wound healing glaucoma/cataracts (due to impaired aqueous humor flow) Acne, HTN Additional Must be tapered if past 7-10 days of treatment |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Estrogen/progesterone oral HRT MOA replace estrogen in blood stream decrease bone resorption Uses amelioration of vasomotor symptoms the prevention of bone fractures prevention of urogenital atrophy. Side effects/contraindications adverse cardiovascular effects, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke in presence of risk factors venous thrombosis and embolism breast, hepatocellular, and cervical cancers in presence of risk factors gallbladder disease Additional Combination must be used if uterus still present Estrogen-only acceptable if complete hysterectomy |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Estrogen/progesterone combination OCP MOA Prevent ovulation by suppressing FSH and LH – 99.9% effective Uses Birth control Ovarian cysts Acne Dysmenorrhea & menorrhagia Side effects/contraindications adverse cardiovascular effects, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke in presence of risk factors venous thrombosis and embolism breast, hepatocellular, and cervical cancers in presence of risk factors gallbladder disease decrease lactation in nursing mothers Benefits Reduced endometrial and ovarian cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Progesterone-only OCP MOA Prevent ovulation by suppressing FSH and LH Thickening of cervical mucus, which decreases sperm penetration, Endometrial alterations that impair implantation; Uses Birth control – good choice for nursing mothers Progestin challenge test in amenorrhea Side effects/contraindications Break through bleeding Mood changes Weight gain Headaches Decrease HDL and increase LDL |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class/MOA muscarinic receptor antagonists Uses Overactive bladder Enuresis in children Increase bladder capacity in spastic paraplegia Side effects Red as a beat bronchodilation Dry as a bone dry mouth, dry red hot skin, dry eyes Mad as a hatter CNS confusion, delirium, hallucinations and seizures Blind as a bat dilated pupils (mydriasis) and cycloplegia (paralysis of accommodation), Contraindications urinary tract obstruction, GI obstruction, uncontrolled (or susceptibility to attacks of) angle-closure glaucoma BPH (caution) |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Antitussive MOA centrally active N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Uses Cough – not effective – OTC Interactions with dextromethorphan Triptans MAOI’s SSRI’s (Fluoxetene &Paroxetine) Memantine (Namenda) |
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Term
BENZONATATE (Tessalon pearls) |
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Definition
Drug class Antitussive MOA A local anesthetic, acts peripherally by anesthetizing the stretch receptors located in the respiratory passages, lungs, and pleura Uses Cough Side effects/contraindications Caution with children Ester-type anesthetic (tetracaine) hypersensitivity with benzonatate |
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Term
Guaifenesin (Robitussin/Mucinex) |
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Definition
Drug class Expectorant MOA increase secretions, reduce viscosity and help to expel sputum Uses Help loosen phlegm and thin bronchial secretions to make coughs more productive Side effects Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea Runny nose Drowsiness, dizziness and headache Contraindications or Caution: Persistent or chronic cough Asthmatics (prone to bronchospasm) CV disease and HTN Pregnancy & lactation |
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Term
Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) |
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Definition
Drug class Decongestant MOA/Uses Constrict blood vessels in the respiratory tract, resulting in shrinkage of swollen mucous membranes and helping open the nasal airway passages Directly stimulates alpha 1-adrenergic receptors of respiratory mucosa causing vasoconstriction; Directly stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors causing bronchial relaxation, increased heart rate and contractility Side effects Anxiety, nervousness, tremor and seizures, Palpitations, Headache, Cerebral hemorrhage Reduced cardiac and reduced urine output Dizziness, Excitability, Insomnia, Restlessness Elevated blood pressure Contraindications or extreme caution: CV disorders, Hyperthyroid or Diabetes Older adults – especially those with glaucoma or BPH Pregnancy or lactation & Hypertension Use with caution in patients with asthma, bowel obstruction/narrowing & elderly |
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Term
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) |
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Definition
Drug class/MOA First generation H1 antagonist (ethanolamines) Uses Allergic diseases & pruritus Sedation/Insomnia Anxiety Motion sickness Side effects Sedation Contraindications/caution COPD and asthma Persons operating machinery or driving Older adult patients (extended half life) CV disorders BPH Infants Seizure disorders |
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Term
Hydroxyzine (Vistaril or Atarax) |
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Definition
Drug class/MOA First generation H1 antagonist (piperazines) Uses Allergic diseases & pruritus Sedation/Insomnia Anxiety Side effects Sedation Contraindications/caution COPD and asthma Persons operating machinery or driving Older adult patients (extended half life) CV disorders BPH Infants, pregnancy, lactation Seizure disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class/MOA First generation H1 antagonist (piperazines) Uses Motion sickness Vertigo Side effects Sedation Contraindications/caution COPD and asthma Persons operating machinery or driving Older adult patients (extended half life) CV disorders BPH Infants, pregnancy, lactation Seizure disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class/MOA First generation H1 antagonist (phenothiazines) Anticholinergic activity Uses Motion sickness Nausea/emesis Vertigo Side effects Sedation Anticholinergic side effects Contraindications/caution COPD and asthma Persons operating machinery or driving Older adult patients (extended half life) CV disorders BPH Infants, pregnancy, lactation Seizure disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class/MOA Second generation H1 antagonist (piperazines) Non-drowsy Uses Allergic rhinitis Side effects/contraindications Caution in infants, pregnancy and nursing mothers May still cause sedation |
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Term
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Definition
Uses Hypoxia Heart and lung disease Carbon monoxide poisoning CNS conditions with resp. difficulty/failure Side effects Hypoventilation (particularly with COPD) May cause CO2 retention and acidosis Confusion Changes in the alveoli of the lungs Blindness (in premature infants) Cautions: Patients with COPD (high O2 conc. May cause hypoventilation or apnea) Danger of fire |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Extended-Spectrum Penicillins MOA peptidoglycan synthesis is inhibited in the cell wall resulting in cell lysis Uses Bacterial infection Gram + and some gram – NOT for staph aureus Side effects/contraindications The frequency of IgE cross-allergy between cephalosporins and penicillins approximates 5–10%. |
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Term
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin) |
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Definition
Drug class Penicillins Combined with B-Lactamase Inhibitors MOA peptidoglycan synthesis is inhibited in the cell wall resulting in cell lysis b-lactamase inhibitor Uses Bacterial infection Gram + and some gram – Staphylococcus aureus, H influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and B fragilis. Side effects/contraindications Most commonly associated with diarrhea The frequency of IgE cross-allergy between cephalosporins and penicillins approximates 5–10%. |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Antistaphylococcal Penicillins MOA peptidoglycan synthesis is inhibited in the cell wall resulting in cell lysis Uses Bacterial infections Staph aureus group A streptococci in skin and soft tissue infections NOT effective against other gram + bacteria Side effects/contraindications The frequency of IgE cross-allergy between cephalosporins and penicillins approximates 5–10%. |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class 1st generation cephalosporin MOA inhibition of cell wall synthesis, activation of autolytic enzymes in the cell wall Uses Bacterial infections Gram + mostly Staph aureus Group A hemolytic streptococci E coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae NOT H influenzae or penicillin-resistant streptococci Side effects/contraindications The frequency of IgE cross-allergy between cephalosporins and penicillins approximates 5–10%. |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class 2nd generation cephalosporin MOA inhibition of cell wall synthesis, activation of autolytic enzymes in the cell wall Uses Bacterial infections Gram + with some extended coverage to gram – NOT Pseudomonas aeruginosa Side effects/contraindications The frequency of IgE cross-allergy between cephalosporins and penicillins approximates 5–10%. |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class 3rd generation cephalosporin MOA inhibition of cell wall synthesis, activation of autolytic enzymes in the cell wall Uses Bacterial infections Mostly gram – with some gram + Inhibit most streptococci Staph aureus (not as good as 1st generation) Gonorrhea Side effects/contraindications The frequency of IgE cross-allergy between cephalosporins and penicillins approximates 5–10%. |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Macrolides MOA Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Uses Bacterial infections streptococcal and pneumococcal disease Legionella, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Macrolides MOA Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Uses Bacterial infections streptococcal and pneumococcal disease Legionella, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia Side effects/contraindications prolongation of the QT interval and torsades de pointes increase the effects of oral anticoagulants, digoxin, theophylline, and cyclosporine by inhibiting cytochrome P450 must stop Statin while taking |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Tetracyclines MOA inhibitors of protein synthesis Uses Bacterial infections Many gram + and gram – Staph aureus, including MRSA (second choice) Antipneumococcal & H influenzae activity Chlamydia Acne Side effects/contraindications absorption is impaired by dairy products and aluminum hydroxide gels (antacids) photosensitization avoid at bedtime due to the risk of esophageal erosion. should not be given to pregnant or nursing women teeth discoloration children under 8 years of age |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Aminoglycosides MOA inhibit the function of the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome Uses Bacterial infections Topical, ear, and eye Side effects/contraindications ototoxic nephrotoxic not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(Bactrim DS or Septra DS) |
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Definition
Drug class Sulfonamides MOA structural analogs of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and compete with PABA to block its conversion to dihydrofolic acid. Organisms that utilize PABA in the synthesis of folates and pyrimidines are inhibited Uses Bacterial infections Gram – E. coli Staph aureus including MRSA (1st choice) Side effects/contraindications Because of the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, patients with a previous rash after trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole should not receive the drug again |
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Term
Mupirocin (Bactroban) topical |
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Definition
MOA inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacterial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. Uses Bacterial infections Gram + Staph aureus including MRSA Most streptococci |
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Term
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Definition
Uses Bacterial infections Gram + Most anaerobes S pneumoniae Group A streptococci, S aureus including MRSA (2nd choice) |
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Term
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Definition
Uses Bacterial infections anaerobic gram-negative bacilli minimal activity against anaerobic gram-positive Protozoal infections Side effects/contraindications EtOH Ingestion of alcohol results in a disulfiram reaction Reversible peripheral neuropathy Decrease the metabolism of warfarin (Coumadin) |
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Term
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Definition
Uses Bacterial infections Broad spectrum (“big guns”) Oral for antibiotic-associated enterocolitis Side effects/contraindications not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract hyperemia ("red man syndrome") from rapid infusion pretreating with H1 antagonist can help |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Quinolones MOA inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis by blocking the enzyme DNA gyrase Uses Bacterial infections (Broad spectrum) Gram – with limited gram + Pseudomonas aeruginosa Side effects/contraindications Prolong the QT interval Decrease the metabolism of warfarin (Coumadin) Not to be used in children Black Box warnings Tendinitis/Tendon rupture Avoid in Myasthenia Gravis |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Quinolones MOA inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis by blocking the enzyme DNA gyrase Uses Bacterial infections (Broad spectrum) Gram – with good gram + Pseudomonas aeruginosa NOT MRSA or Chlamydia (due to resistance) Side effects/contraindications Prolong the QT interval Decrease the metabolism of warfarin (Coumadin) Not to be used in children Black Box warnings Tendinitis/Tendon rupture Avoid in Myasthenia Gravis |
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Term
Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) |
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Definition
Uses Bacterial infections (urinary only) UTI |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Antifungal Uses Superficial candidal infections Thrush Diaper rash Intertrigo Side effects/contraindications drug is not absorbed from mucous membranes or the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Antifungal Uses Fungal infections Side effects/contraindications Monitor liver function Must stop Statin while taking |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Antifungal MOA inhibit synthesis of ergosterol, resulting in inhibition of membrane-associated enzyme activity, cell wall growth, and replication. Uses Fungal infections Seborrheic dermatitis Side effects/contraindications Monitor liver function Must stop Statin while taking |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class/MOA Neuraminidase inhibitors Uses prevention and treatment of influenza A and B |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Antiviral MOA selectively active against viral DNA polymerase and thus inhibits virus proliferation Uses herpes simplex virus varicella-zoster virus |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Proton Pump Inhibitors MOA Inhibit the gastric H+, K+-ATPase (proton pump) Uses GERD, gastritis, gastric ulcer Side effects/contraindications Can interact adversely with clopidogrel (Plavix) |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class H2 Receptor Antagonists MOA inhibit acid production by reversibly competing with histamine for binding to H2 receptors on the basolateral membrane of parietal cells Uses GERD, gastritis, gastric ulcer Allergic disease |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Prokinetic Agents MOA serotonin (5-HT)-4 receptor agonist vagal and central 5-HT3 antagonism dopamine-2 receptor antagonist Uses Gastroparesis Nausea/emesis Side effects/contraindications Extrapyramidal effects (Parkinsonian symptoms) Dystonias and parkinsonian-like symptoms are reversible upon discontinuation of metoclopramide Tardive dyskinesia also can occur with chronic treatment (months to years) and may be irreversible. |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class/MOA 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists Uses Chemotherapy-induced nausea Nausea secondary to upper abdominal irradiation Hyperemesis of pregnancy Postoperative nausea |
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Term
Prochlorperazine (Compazine) |
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Definition
Drug class Dopamine-Receptor Antagonists MOA D2 receptor antagonism at the CTZ Uses Nausea/emesis |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Bulk forming agents MOA Absorb water and increase fecal bulk. Increase colonic bacterial mass through fermentation Uses Constipation Side effects/contraindications Bloating Avoid in obstruction and megacolon |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Stool softeners MOA Lowers the surface tension of the stool to allow mixing of aqueous and fatty substances, softening the stool and permitting easier defecation. Uses Constipation |
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Term
polyethylene glycol 3350 (Miralax) |
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Definition
Drug class Osmotic laxative MOA osmotically mediated water retention, which then stimulates peristalsis Uses Constipation Bowel prep (electrolyte version) Side effects/contraindications Electrolyte imbalance with large doses |
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Term
magnesium hydroxide (Milk of magnesia) |
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Definition
Drug class Saline osmotic laxative MOA Osmotically mediated water retention, which then stimulates peristalsis Uses Constipation Side effects/contraindications Electrolyte imbalance Caution renal insufficiency, cardiac disease, preexisting electrolyte abnormalities, patients on diuretic therapy |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Stimulant laxative MOA direct effects on enterocytes, enteric neurons, and GI smooth muscle Uses Constipation Side effects/contraindications Electrolyte imbalance “cathartic colon” |
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Term
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Definition
MOA enhance fluid secretion by acting locally on ion channels in the colonic epithelium to promote secretion prostanoid activator of Cl– channels Uses Constipation |
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Term
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Definition
MOA anti-secretory, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effects Uses Diarrhea Nausea and GI cramps Side effects/contraindications Dark stools Black staining of the tongue Avoid Salicylate allergy Children due to Reye syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Anti-diarrheal (Opioid agonists) MOA Increases small intestinal and mouth-to-cecum transit times. Increases anal sphincter tone Uses Diarrhea Side effects/contraindications Avoid in active inflammatory bowel disease due to toxic megacolon |
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Term
Diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil) |
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Definition
Drug class Anti-diarrheal (Opioid agonists) MOA Increases small intestinal and mouth-to-cecum transit times. Increases anal sphincter tone Uses Diarrhea Side effects/contraindications Avoid in active inflammatory bowel disease due to toxic megacolon In high doses, these drugs cause CNS effects as well as anticholinergic effects from the atropine (dry mouth, blurred vision, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class ANTI-SPASMODICS MOA Nonspecific antagonists of the muscarinic receptor Uses IBS |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class SSRI MOA blocks reuptake of 5HT by SERT and results in enhanced and prolonged serotonergic neurotransmission. Uses Depression Generalized anxiety, Panic attack Social anxiety, Obsessive-compulsive disorder Premenstrual dysphoric syndrome (PMDD) Vasovagal symptoms in post-menopausal women Side effects/contraindications Black Box warning increased suicide risk in adolescents Serotonin syndrome ED/decreased libido Taper when discontinuing Avoid use with Triptans (migraine) and tramadol |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class SNRI MOA inhibit both SERT and NET Uses Depression Anxiety Pain (fibromyalgia, nerve pain) Off label uses stress urinary incontinence (duloxetine) Side effects/contraindications Black Box warning increased suicide risk in adolescents Serotonin syndrome ED/decreased libido Cymbalta unlikely to cause ED Taper when discontinuing Avoid use with Triptans (migraine) and tramadol |
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Term
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Definition
MOA Appears to inhibit NET It also blocks the DAT (dopamine) Uses depression, smoking cessation (ZYBAN brand). Side effects/contraindications Black Box warning 1. increased suicide risk in adolescents 2. Serious neuropsychiatric events, especially with smoking cessation Seizures at high doses Does NOT cause ED |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS MOA Inhibit both SERT and NET Uses Depression Insomnia (low doses) Pain (low doses) Side effects/contraindications sedation cognitive dulling blurred vision, dry mouth, tachycardia, constipation, difficulty urinating orthostatic hypotension weight gain seizure cardiac conduction abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Benzodiazepines (intermediate-acting) MOA enhance the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter Uses acute anxiety sedative/insomnia Side effects/contraindications sedation impair cognitive performance and memory, adversely affect motor control, slowed reaction time (which may lead to accidents) potentiate the effects of other sedatives including alcohol habit-forming withdrawal symptoms if not tapered caution with elderly Controlled substance Schedule IV |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Benzodiazepines (quick-acting) MOA enhance the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter GABA Uses acute anxiety muscle relaxant Side effects/contraindications sedation impair cognitive performance and memory, adversely affect motor control, slowed reaction time (which may lead to accidents) potentiate the effects of other sedatives including alcohol habit-forming withdrawal symptoms if not tapered caution with elderly Controlled substance Schedule IV |
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Term
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Definition
MOA Selective partial agonists at 5-HT1A receptors. Uses Chronic anxiety – GAD only |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Atypical antipsychotics MOA Blockade of dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic area Uses Schizophrenia, Mania (Bipolar), Treatment-resistant depression as an add-on Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) , Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Tourette’s - relates to reduced D2 neurotransmission in basal ganglia sites) Huntington’s disease, Autism Side effects/contraindications Black Box warning 1. increased suicide risk in adolescents 2. Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotics are at an increased risk of death Extrapyramidal effects (EPS) (Parkinsonism) Akathisia, Tardive dyskinesia risk, Hyperprolactinemia, Sedation Weight gain to appetite stimulation, Orthostatic hypotension, Dyslipidemia Impairments in glycemic control, Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (Less for newer atypicals), Seizure, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Mainly just typicals |
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Term
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Definition
Uses Bipolar Side effects/contraindications Toxic at high doses – requires routine labs Hand tremor Seizures Significant weight gain Renal damage from long term use Thyroid dysfunction Allergic skin rash has been associated with Lithium use Interactions Diuretics ACE inhibitors NSAIDS |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Insomnia - Imidazopyridine MOA effects on the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor Uses Insomnia NOT anxiety Side effects/contraindications “Morning hangover” |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Salicylates (NSAIDS) MOA inhibiting the prostaglandin synthase enzymes, colloquially known as the cyclooxygenases (COXs) irreversibly inhibits COX activity Uses antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory anti-platelet Side effects/contraindications GI ulcer Ototoxic Contraindicated in children and young adults <20 years of age with viral illness–associated fever Due to Reye syndrome |
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Term
Ibuprofren (Motrin, Advil) |
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Definition
Drug class NSAIDS MOA inhibiting the prostaglandin synthase enzymes, colloquially known as the cyclooxygenases (COXs) Uses antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory Side effects/contraindications Black box warning 1. GI ulcer 2. Increased heart attack and stroke renal and renovascular adverse events NEPHROPATHY |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class COX-2 inhibitor NSAID MOA inhibiting the prostaglandin synthase enzymes, colloquially known as the cyclooxygenases (COXs) COX-2 only with minimal to no COX-1 Uses antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory Side effects/contraindications Black box warning 1. GI ulcer 2. Increased heart attack and stroke renal and renovascular adverse events NEPHROPATHY |
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Term
Acetaminophen (APAP) (Tylenol) |
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Definition
MOA inhibiting the prostaglandin synthase enzymes, colloquially known as the cyclooxygenases (COXs) Only 50% Uses antipyretic, analgesic, Side effects/contraindications Acute liver failure |
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Term
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Definition
MOA Some activity at opioid receptor Somewhat inhibits 5HT and NE reuptake Uses Pain control Side effects/contraindications Increased suicide risk in adolescents Seizures Dependence may occur Avoid SSRI, SNRI, and triptans (migraines) NOT controlled substance |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Opioid agonist (very strong) MOA Binds to various opioid receptors, producing analgesia and sedation Uses Pain control Side effects/contraindications May cause QT prolongation Taper chronic use Nausea/emesis Constipation Respiratory depression Sedation Avoid driving or operating machinery Cardiovascular side effects Controlled substance Schedule II |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Opioid agonist (very strong) MOA Binds to various opioid receptors, producing analgesia and sedation Uses Pain control Side effects/contraindications Taper chronic use Nausea/emesis Constipation Respiratory depression Sedation Avoid driving or operating machinery Cardiovascular side effects Controlled substance Schedule II |
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Term
Oxycodone/APAP (Percocet) |
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Definition
Drug class Opioid agonist (moderate strength) MOA Binds to various opioid receptors, producing analgesia and sedation Uses Pain control Side effects/contraindications Taper chronic use Nausea/emesis Constipation Respiratory depression Sedation Avoid driving or operating machinery Cardiovascular side effects Controlled substance Schedule II |
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Term
Hydrocodone/APAP (Vicodin) |
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Definition
Drug class Opioid agonist (Mild strength) MOA Binds to various opioid receptors, producing analgesia and sedation Uses Pain control Side effects/contraindications Taper chronic use Nausea/emesis Constipation Respiratory depression Sedation Avoid driving or operating machinery Cardiovascular side effects Controlled substance Schedule III |
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Term
Codeine/APAP (Tylenol #3) |
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Definition
Drug class Opioid agonist (Weakest) MOA Binds to various opioid receptors, producing analgesia and sedation Uses Pain control Side effects/contraindications Taper chronic use Nausea/emesis Constipation Respiratory depression Sedation Avoid driving or operating machinery Cardiovascular side effects Controlled substance Schedule III |
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Term
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) |
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Definition
Drug class Muscle relaxants MOA Centrally active muscle relaxant – possible through sedation effects Uses Muscle spasms Side effects/contraindications Sedation Avoid driving and operating machinery Respiratory depression NOT controlled substance |
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Term
Levothyroxine (Synthroid) |
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Definition
Drug class Thyroid replacement MOA Replaces thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) Uses Hypothyroidism Depression (off-label) Side effects/contraindications Cholestyramine, iron, fiber, antacids all decrease absorption of levothyroxine |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Anti-thyroid medications MOA inhibits TH synthesis by preventing oxidation of iodide and preventing the coupling of iodinated tyrosines into MIT and DIT PTU also prevents peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 Uses Hyperthyroidism Preferred for pregnancy-related hyperthyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Sulfonylurea MOA Closes K+ channel in b-cell which stimulates insulin release from pancreas Uses Diabetes mellitus type 2 Side effects/contraindications Hypoglycemia Weight gain – due to normal insulin physiology Caution in elderly |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Biguanide MOA primary action is on the liver, reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis Improves peripheral receptor sensitivity to insulin Uses Diabetes mellitus type 2 Side effects/contraindications Lactic acidosis Caution in kidney disease Stop when using IV contrast GI disturbances (constipation or diarrhea) |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) MOA sensitize peripheral tissues to insulin by up-regulating GLUT 4 receptors in the periphery by activating PPARg Uses Diabetes mellitus type 2 Side effects/contraindications Edema Macular edema Contraindicated in CHF |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Incretins MOA GLP-1 receptor agonist that stimulates insulin release and decreases glucagon Uses Diabetes mellitus type 2 Side effects/contraindications Weight loss Nausea Hypoglycemia (low risk) Severe pancreatitis |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Incretins MOA DPP-4 inhibitor prolonging the action of endogenously released GLP-1which increases insulin release and decreases glucagon Uses Diabetes mellitus type 2 Side effects/contraindications Nasopharyngitis Severe pancreatitis |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Short-acting insulin MOA 10-15 minute onset with peak 1 hour and duration 5-6 hours Uses Diabetes mellitus requiring insulin Side effects/contraindications Hypoglycemia |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Long-acting insulin MOA 3-4 hour onset, 8-10 hour peak (no real significant peak), and duration of 18-22 hours Uses Diabetes mellitus requiring insulin Side effects/contraindications Hypoglycemia (rare, if clinically possible) |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Topical corticosteroid (low strength) MOA Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory Uses Eczema Pruritus Contact dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis Side effects/contraindications Thinning of the skin Avoid on open wounds No prolonged use Avoid occlusion |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Topical corticosteroid (medium strength) MOA Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory Uses Eczema Pruritus Contact dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis Side effects/contraindications Thinning of the skin Avoid on open wounds No prolonged use Avoid occlusion |
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Term
Fluocinonide (Lidex) cream |
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Definition
Drug class Topical corticosteroid (high strength) MOA Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory Uses Eczema Psoriasis Seborrheic dermatitis Side effects/contraindications Thinning of the skin Avoid on open wounds No longer than 2 week use Avoid face, groin, axilla Avoid occlusion |
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Term
Halobetasol (Ultravate) cream |
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Definition
Drug class Topical corticosteroid (ultra-high strength) MOA Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory Uses Psoriasis Seborrheic dermatitis Side effects/contraindications Thinning of the skin Avoid on open wounds No longer than 1 week use Avoid face, groin, axilla Avoid occlusion |
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Term
TRETINOIN (Retin A) topical |
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Definition
Drug class Topical Retinoids MOA Correct abnormal follicular keratinization, reduce P. acnes counts, reduce inflammation, Uses Acne Fine wrinkles Dyspigmentation Side effects/contraindications photosensitivity erythema, desquamation, burning, stinging avoid during pregnancy Benzoyl peroxide inactivates tretinoin and should not be applied simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class
MOA interferes with insect sodium transport proteins, causing neurotoxicity and paralysis Uses Head lice Scabies Side effects/contraindications Slight local irritation, rash or conjunctivitis Dermatitis with frequent application |
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Term
Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) (SSD) |
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Definition
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Term
Proparacaine (Alcaine) gtts |
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Definition
Drug class Topical Anesthetic Agents Uses Measuring intraocular pressure Performing superficial surgery Evaluating a painful eye Side effects/contraindications Never Rx topical anesthetics Corneal ulcer with prolong use and delayed healing |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class Prostaglandin (PG) analog Uses Glaucoma (first-line) |
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Term
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Definition
Drug class synthetic DMARD Uses Rheumatoid arthritis – first-line Side effects/contraindications Stomatitis Cytopenia Hepatotoxicity Avoid EtOH and liver disease Side effects reduced by taking folate Avoid pregnancy – BOTH male and female |
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