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Summer - Exam 3
Chemotherapy, Physical Control, Specific Immunity
125
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
07/29/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
sulfoanilamide
Definition

What was isolated from protonsil by Pasteur Institute investigators?

 

Term
fungi
Definition
The "Azole" family of drugs was mentioned in class. We emphasized that these drugs were effective against?
Term
an orange-red color in urine, tears and other body secretions
Definition
one notable side effect of rifampin is?
Term
malaria
Definition
chloroquine is effective against?
Term
vancomycin
Definition
a drug of choice for pseudomembraneous colitis is?
Term
haemopholis influenza
Definition
Which G-, bacillus shaped organism was discussed as a cause od sore throats, middle ear infections and bacterial meningitis?
Term
metronidazole
Definition
What would be a drug of choice against flagellate protozoans?
Term
Amphotericin B
Definition
What would be a drug of choice for serious fungal infections?
Term
inhibit synthesis of ergosterol
Definition
What would represent the "action" of antifungal antibiotics?
Term
capsule
Definition
What is not a target of antimicrobial action?
Term
vancomycin
Definition
Protein synthesis inhibitors do not include?
Term
a superinfection
Definition
An antibiotic that disrupts the normal flora, can cause?
Term
erythromyicin
Definition
What is an example of non bacteriocidal?
Term
rifampin
Definition
What is often used in combination with INH in the treatment of TB?
Term
cephalexin
Definition
What interferes with PG synthesis?
Term
penicillins
Definition
The spectrum of activity of first generation cephalosporins most closely resembles?
Term
cephalosporins
Definition
The B-lactam ring is associated with?
Term
a fungus
Definition
The drug penicillin was isolated from which organism?
Term
Bactrim
Definition
What drug is used in treating Pneumoncystis infections and urinary tract infections?
Term
sulfamethoxazole
Definition

What sulfa drug is usually used in combination with trimethoprin (not a sulfa) which is an example of a drug synergism?

Result is Bactrim

Term
sulfamethaxazole
Definition
What sulfa drug is used to treat urinary tract infections due to G- organisms and for meningococcal meningitis?
Term
silver sulfadiazine
Definition
What is a sulfa drug that is used in the control if infection in burn patients?
Term
skin rashes
Definition
The most common side effect of drug therapy appears to be?
Term
sulfonilamide
Definition
What was the first sulfonamide to be discovered and became a mainstay for treatment of wound related infections during WWII?
Term
Domagk
Definition
Who received a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
Term
Chloramphenicol
Definition
Which antiseptic was mentioned as causing aplastic anemia, which shuts down the bone marrow (RBC production)?
Term
streptomycin
Definition
What is a broad spectrum antibiotic that can cause deafness?
Term

griseofulvin (antifungal)

amphotercinB (antifungal)

Definition
What are some examples of narrow spectrum antibiotics?
Term
Toxic Dose
Definition
What drug level is when the agent becomes too toxic for the host?
Term
theraputic dose
Definition
What drug level is required for treatment of a particular infection?
Term
selective toxicity
Definition
What kills the infections agent without harming the host?
Term
salvarsan
Definition
What was an arsenic that was used to treat syphilis and discovered by Ehrlich?
Term
Chemotheraputic agents
Definition
What are agents that inhibit or destroy microbes without damage to the host in the concentration used?
Term
Ehrlich
Definition
Who is responsible for the systematic approach to chemotherapy?
Term
Ehrlich
Definition
Who coined the term "chemotheraputic" agent?
Term
chemoprophylaxis
Definition
What involves the administration of drugs to prevent disease?
Term
Domagk
Definition
The German chemist who injected his daughter with a dye that saved her life and led to the discovery of sulfa drugs was?
Term
allergy
Definition
When a patient's immune system becomes reactive to a drug, this is an example of?
Term
plasmids, drug resistance
Definition
R factors are ___ that contain a code for___?
Term
they are toxic to internal organs
Definition
Why do you suppose that certain antibiotics are used only as topical creams?
Term
penicillin
Definition
What is considered as being the first of the modern chemotheraputic agents?
Term
Nystatin
Definition
What is used to treat Candida Albicans infections of the femal reproductive tract?
Term
folic acid
Definition
It was found that sulfonilamides (SO2N) interferes with the synthesis of?
Term
Staphylococcus
Definition
Antibiotics are not derived from?
Term
destroyed the cell wall
Definition
The powerpoint with Staph being subjected to a cephlasporin antibiotic indicated that the drug?
Term
antibiotic
Definition
A compound synthesized by bacteria or fungi that destroys or inhibits growth of other microbes is a/an?
Term
Fleming
Definition
Who is considered the father of modern antibiotics?
Term
penicillin, rifampin
Definition
Which antibiotics would be a "narrow" spectrum?
Term
ethambutol
Definition
What chemotheraputic drug is used for TB? Side effects include ocular toxicity...
Term
INH
Definition
What chemotheraputic drug is used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis; also interferes with mycolic acid in the cell wall?
Term
metronidazole (flagyl)
Definition
What chemotheraputic agent is used against trichomoniasis, ambiasis, and giardiasis?
Term
NaOCl
Definition
What is the most commonly used chlorine antimicrobial?
Term
70%
Definition
The most common (and most effective) concentration of ethyl alcohol used for disinfection is?
Term
Cl
Definition
A compound containing which element would be classified as a halogen?
Term
gluteraldehyde
Definition
A physicican wants to remove any bacterial endospores that may be contaminating her surgical instruments. What compound would she use as a disinfectant?
Term
cationic detergents
Definition
What are the active ingredients in Zephian, Phemerol, and Deparene?
Term
AgNO3
Definition
What was introduced in the late 19th century for preventing genococcal infections in the eyes of newborn infants who had been exposed to an infected birth canal?
Term
bisphenol
Definition
Triclosan is the specific chemical agent that is in Dial antibacterial hand soap. The chemical category that this substance belongs to is ___?
Term
Chlorhexadine
Definition
What chemical compound is found in Hibiclens?
Term
greater than 1
Definition
A chemical that is a more effective disinfectant than phenol would have a phenol coefficient of ___?
Term
phenol
Definition
What was adopted by Lister in 1867 as a surgical germicide?
Term
Lister
Definition
Who established the principles of aseptic surgery?
Term

Gaseous Agents

Ex: plastic suringes, blood transfusion apparatus, and catheterization equipment

Definition

What are used on materials that are damaged by heat but at the same time need to be sterile?

Examples?

Term
Betapropiolactone
Definition
What gas is a powerful sterilizing agent used to sterilize heat or moisture sensitive materials?
Term
Ethylene Oxide
Definition
What is a powerful sterilizing agent is a gas at room temperature and is highly flammable and now mixed with freon or carbon dioxide to make it non flammable?
Term
pseudomonas
Definition
What can survive for long periods in iodophors?
Term
povidone
Definition
What is a wetting agent?
Term
Betadine and Isodine
Definition
What are 2 povidone-iodines?
Term
Tincture if Iodine
Definition
What is a powerful skin germicide?
Term
bleach
Definition
What is a solution of NaOCl?
Term
Hypochlorites
Definition
What is the most extensively used Cl compound?
Term
Inorganic mercury compounds
Definition
What can cause brain damage and result in neurotoxic problems?
Term
Zephiran
Definition
What is an example of a Quat?
Term
detergents
Definition
What is a surfactant that mechanically removes microbial contaminants with the dirt and grime?
Term
soaps
Definition
What emulsifies oils in which the microbes live and float them away? Also, weakly anionic surfactants?
Term
emulsify
Definition
What is the breaking down of large fat into small droplets?
Term
Iodine with alcohol
Definition
What does tincture of iodine mean?
Term
Benzyl alcohol
Definition
Which alcohol is mainly used as preservative?
Term
Isopropyl Alcohol
Definition
Which alcohol is better than ethyl, cheaper, and not subject to legal regulations?
Term
Hibiclens (skin doesn't absorb)
Definition
What is an example of a chlorhexidine?
Term
Ethyl Alcohol
Definition
What type of alcohol is the best degerming agents?
Term
Chlorine
Definition
What is the gas used in municipal water supplies to keep bacterial populations low?
Term
emulsify and solubilize particles clinging to a surface
Definition
Soaps are wetting agents that do what?
Term
mercury is very toxic to body tissues
Definition
Mercury is rarely used in antiseptics in the modern era because?
Term
organic acids
Definition
What is used to control microbial growth in foods?
Term
ethylene oxide
Definition
What is emphasized as being a gaseous chemosterilizer?
Term
aminoglycosides
Definition
Drugs that act against protein synthesis include?
Term
interferon
Definition
A nonspecific resistance factor effective against viral infection is?
Term
lysozyme
Definition
An enzyme found in tears, sweat, and saliva that breaks down bacterial cell wall is?
Term
urinary system, digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive system
Definition
Mucus secreting membranes are found in the?
Term
dentritic cells
Definition
Fixed phagocytes of the epidermis are called?
Term
lysozyme in saliva
Definition
An example of nonspecific chemical barrier to infection is?
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
C3 binds to microbes coated with antibodies known as opsonins to promote which of the following activities?
Term
ciliary lining
Definition
Which nonspecific host defense is associated with the trachea?
Term
MAC
Definition
The complement protein complex that we discussed is called?
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
What was described by Elie Metchnikoff?
Term
opsonization
Definition
What did we discuss as being instrumental in enhancing phagocytosis?
Term
opsonins
Definition
___ are antibodies that enhance the efficiency of phagocytosis?
Term
agranular, macrophages
Definition
Monocytes are __ leucocytes that develop into __?
Term
histamine
Definition
An example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates vasodilation is?
Term
gamma
Definition
Which interferon type is a product of T cells?
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
Which of the following cells do you suppose are responsible for producing T cells and antibodies?
Term
plasma cells
Definition
Which type of cell actually secretes antibodies?
Term
glucose molecules
Definition
All of the following are possible antigens except?
Term
IgG
Definition
The antibody molecule that crosses the placenta is?
Term
penicillin attached to protein
Definition
What is an example of a hapten?
Term
glycoproteins
Definition
Antibodies belong to a group of chemicals known as?
Term
IgA
Definition
Which immunoglobin (antibody) was emphasized as being found in colostrum?
Term
antibody titer
Definition
__ is a measurement of the relative amount of immunoglobulin in the serum?
Term
immunogenicity
Definition
The ability of an antigen to stimulate production of antibodies or T-cells is __?
Term
artificially acquired passive immunity
Definition
The administration of GG (gamma globulin) shots for hepatitis is an example of __?
Term
Tc
Definition
The cells that can directly lyse targets are the __ cells?
Term
Tc cells, Td cells, B cells, Ts cells
Definition
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is produced by Th cells and is involved in the activation of?
Term
bone marrow, thymus
Definition
In humans, B cells mature in the __, and T cells mature in the __?
Term
Th cell
Definition
The "commander in chief" of the immune system is the __ cell?
Term
interleukin-2
Definition
A cytokine that stimulates the activity of B and T cells is?
Term
artificial active
Definition
Vaccination is synonymous with __ immunity?
Term
IgG
Definition
The largest percentage of antibodies in the blood are?
Term
macrophage
Definition
Although there is more than one APC involved in the immune system, the one that we emphasized was the __?
Term
napten
Definition
A substance that has reactivity but lacks immunogenicity is a/an __?
Term
epitopes
Definition
Small parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called?
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