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| What do you know about Early Scientific Psychology? |
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Definition
-Cognitive Issues were often central
-cognitive reference point : 1879
Donders/Helmholtz/Ebbinghaus |
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Definition
The rise of behaviorism consisted of
the rejection of "mentalism"
1913 - reference point
Pavlov/Thorndike/Watson/Skinner
It was a purging of older ideas,
and focus on "Public Behavior" (Learning = Change in Behavior) and focus on "Public Causes" (Situations elicit behavior)
It was also a generally shallow theory, with minimal use of mediating variables |
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| Focus on "Public Behavior" |
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Definition
| An element of behaviorism which emphasized the learning is a change in behavior |
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| The behaviorist element that focuses on the idea that certain situations elicit certain behavior |
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| Behaviorism as a shallow theory |
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Definition
| Behaviorism uses minimal mediating variables, prefering to conclude that specific stimulus brings a specific response, and that mediating variables are not present or have a minimal influence |
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| Universal Principles of Learning |
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Definition
General principles of learning that apply to all organisms. Reductionist theory of behaviorism.
This is why animal models are just as good as human models for studying learning. |
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Definition
association of stimulus and response
Pavlov |
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Definition
Shaping of behavior by it's consequences
B.F. Skinner |
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Definition
Learning without reinforcement
Edward Tolman |
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Term
| Innate Learning Tendencies |
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Definition
One-trial taste aversion with mice.
Something more powerful about taste aversion than anything else.
Dr. Carrol asked the class about things that they had developed a taste aversion to.
Strong evidence for the presence of a mediating variable.
John Garcia |
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Definition
| A couple of researchers under Skinner published a paper/book that mocked Skinner's "behavior of organisms" and gave examples of times when Principles of condition simply did not work with lab animals. |
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| Syntactic Structures Vs. Verbal Behavior |
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Definition
Noam Chomsky vs B.F. Skinner
Skinner developed an elaborate theory of how children develop language with the universal learning principle, and Noam Chomsky wrote a scathing review emphasizing push his own theory of language acquisition. |
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Definition
Mind as a Computational System (1956)
Information Theory and Digital Computers
Attention
Generative Linguistics |
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| Mind as a Computational System |
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Definition
A shift in thought that occurred during the "cognitive revolution".
Cognitive reference point: 1956 |
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Term
| Cocktail party phenomenon |
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Definition
Colin Cherry
part of the "cognitive revolution"
Selective attention( looking attentive to a conversation at a party, but actually thinking about something else or listening to a neighbouring conversation)
Also, party of the way we filter information.
While at a party, you can hear lots of noise from conversations, but will specifically hone in on important words, such as your name. |
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Definition
Law of Specific Nerve Energies
The Synapse |
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Definition
Neurons come in many forms
Glia outnumber neurons 10:1 |
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Term
| Composition of the Neuron |
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Definition
Dendrites, Soma, Axon
(specialized to have excitable membranes)
*Synapses: Chemical and Electrical - not an actual part |
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Definition
| the idea that as the signal travels down the neuron, the it gets weaker, with an inverse relationship |
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| Temporal and Spatial Summation |
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Definition
Action Threshold
Action Potentional |
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Definition
its a single projection from the soma
the axon hillock is the point where it connects to the soma
has arborization - the end of the axon branches out. |
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Definition
All-or-None Law
-strength and duration: nonlinear transmission
-frequency encodes strength of stimulus
-Saltatory conduction vs Passive conduction |
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Definition
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| Persistent Responsiveness |
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Definition
Hebbian Learning
Long-Term potentiation
Changes in number of synapses |
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Definition
cell assemblies
"Cells that fire together, Wire together" |
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| Reorganization of brain systems |
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Definition
Learning
Compensatory processing |
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Term
| Human Intelligence as explained by number of genes |
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Definition
We have about the same amount of genes as a mouse (20,000).
Certain plants have more genes than we do.
Intelligence and # of genes are NOT directly related |
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| Human Intelligence as explained by brain size |
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Definition
brain size to body weight is known as allometric size
Not directly related to intelligence
2% of body weight in humans |
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| Human Intelligence as explained by size of the neocortex |
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Definition
Humans have 30% of their brain as neocortex, and an echidnea has 50%
Not a direct relationship with intelligence |
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Term
| DTI: Diffusion Tensor Imaging |
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Definition
| Uses fMRI technology to study possible pathways for processing data in the brain |
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Definition
| Organizations and pathways for the brain? |
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Term
| Organization of the brain |
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Definition
-Brain cells wire themselves into assemblies
these assemblies connect
-local modular systems AND
-distributed systems
These systems also interact
-vision/memory/attention/etc. |
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Term
| Real problems with perception |
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Definition
Robots moving and acting
trying to simulate human actions, we learn about humans work by finding novel engineering solutions
Speech recognition
-how do we segment speech? |
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Term
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Definition
each eye is divided into left and right visual fields
the left field of both eyes connects to the right part of the occipital lobes
the right part of both eyes connects to the left part of the occipital lobe.
the optic chiasm is sorting out point for the visual data, and the crossing over of the signals |
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Term
| Lateral Inhibition - Edge Enhancement |
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Definition
| the retinal cells that pick up lines send out inhibiting signals to the other surronding cells to limit their firing. this causes the lines to show up in better detail |
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| Gestalt Psychology's contribution to perception |
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Definition
Perception = Sensation + Knowledge
Figure-Ground problem
Prananz |
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| Perception = Sensation + Knowledge |
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Definition
what we perceive is the information we receive from our senses, as well as our apriori knowledge.
Gestalt Psychology is responsible for this theory |
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Term
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Definition
The idea that we perceive our attention as the figure, and all the rest is background, or ground.
Gestalt therapy's contribution to perception |
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Term
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Definition
Imposing a simple stable organizational system to perception
I.E.
Proximity
Similarity
Good Continuation/closure
Common Fate |
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Term
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Definition
Bottom up form of perception
uses a template: a stored pattern of perception
uses regularization of visual input to create templates and probabilistic matching to identify input
Problems with Templates:
Objects in the world are often-
Variable
Irregular
Incomplete |
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Definition
Analysis of objects into basic features
-Hubel and Wiesel
The pandemonium model |
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Definition
Feature-Based model of visual perception
consists of several levels of processing
Features: Primitive shapes
Cognition: Patterns composed of shapes
Decision: Probabilistic choice |
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Definition
Depends on which is more dominant in perception
Global Precedence or Local Precedence |
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| Interactive Activation Model |
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Definition
Like the pandemonium model but with a self-correcting system
-provides feedback to earlier levels |
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| Feature Integration Model |
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Definition
Stage model:
deployment of attention
-preattentive - Feature analysis
-Focused attention - Binding:combo of features |
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| Recognition-by-Components Theory |
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Definition
-Relatively resistant to point of view
-Fast recognition when geons are clear
-Resistant to occlusion |
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