David, The Oath of the Horatii, 1784;

Neoclassicism during the Enlightenment;

Commissioned by d'Angiviller for Louis XVI;

Completed in Rome, shown at Paris' Salon;

Evokes patriotism;

Story: a border dispute between Rome and Alba was settled by a sword fight involving three soldiers from each side (Rome - Horatii, Alba - Curiatii); a Horatii sister was engaged to a Curiatii brother; a Horatii brother was married to a Curiatii sister; only Horatii's Horatius survived (later kills his sister who curses him);

David - "Art should educate, moralize, and instruct"

Goya, The Third of May, 1808, 1814;

 Romanticism;

 A response to the French occupation of Spain in 1808; In Madrid, a people's uprising spurred by nationalism led to a six year slaughter;

One rebel wears yellow and white (colors of the papacy), poses like Crist on the cross, and has a stigmata-like wound;

Rioters are consumed by the fear of death;

Executioners are faceless and indifferent

Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe), 1863;

 Realism, the first modern art painting;

Art should be about the modern world;

Rejected by the 1863 Salon -> appeared at Napoleon III's Salon des Refuses (Salon of the Refused);

Scandalous <- a naked woman (prostitute) looks right out at you in a park with two contemporarily dressed men;

Uses historical paintings as a base (the present cannot live in the past), exposes the Classical nude's disduised eroticism;

Two-dimensional figures and overly-large background woman -> paintings are not windows to the world, but 2D canvases (art about art)

Velazquez, The Maids of Honor (Las Meninas), 1656;

Baroque in Madrid, Spain;

A group portrait and a genre type;

Shows the role of the painter in courtly life;

Princess Margarita with maids of honor and playmates in center, King Philip IV and Queen Maria Anna in rear mirror (includes viewer and affirms artist's status);

Cross painted on Velazquez' chest signified admission to the papal military Order of Santiago;

Windows, mirror, and cropped canvas expand space

Rubens, The Raising of the Cross, 1610-11;

Baroque in Flanders (the Netherlands); part of the Counter-Reformation

A triptych made for a church altar; viewer looks up to it;

Hellenistic musculature, power, and passion (Italian influences plus Netherlandish ideas and Flemish realism; Baroque movement and strain)

Judith Leyster, Self-Portrait, 1633;

Baroque in Holland (the Netherlands);

Shows her as both a portrait and genre painter (master at both)

Rembrandt, The Hundred Guilder Print, 1647 (etching and drypoint);

Baroque in Holland (the Netherlands);

A summary of ch. 19 of the Gospel of St. Matthew (shows Christ healing, gathering children and the forsaken);

Pathos shows humble world of bare feet and ragged clothes; shows Christ's compassion;

A religious subject even though he was Protestant and worked in a Protestant country

Ruisdael, Bleaching Grounds Near Haarlem, 1670;

Baroque in Haarlem (the Netherlands);

One of his Haarlempjes (little views of Haarlem);

Identifiable church spires, windmills, ruins, and Grote Kerk (Big Church); bleaching fields for foreign and domestic linen -> civic pride, hardworking people;

Moralizes with 3/4 of the painting sky (heavens, God blessing the land), New Harlaam Cathedral

Poussin, Landscape with St. John on Patmos, 1640;

Baroque in France;

Made in Rome for Pope Urban VIII;

An idealized (invented) landscape;

Site and ruins suggest the concept of antquity upon which Christianity was founded

The Palace of Versailles, 1669-85

Primary architects: Louis Le Vau (died after one year), Jules Hardouin-Mansart, and Charles Le Brun;

Built for Kind Louis XIV;

A quarter-mile long;

Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors) is the essence of the baroque (unification of the arts, illusionism, over-ornamentation); surrounded by the Salon de la Guerre (War Room) and the Salon de la Paix (Peace Room)

Baroque are was ornamental, decorative, and full of drama and theatricality

Europe's political boundaries as they exist today were beginning to take shape

Some religious tolerance was beginning to be granted

Reformation of 1517 (w/ Martin Luther) -> Protestantism -> Counter-Reformation -> the Church regulated art-making

The Reformation (though still tolerant) -> banned religious images**, only pure white light in churches -> genre types, portraits, group portraits, landscapes, and still lifes were painted

**Religious works must be doctrinally correct and must grab the viewer

The middle (merchant) class had a disposable income to buy art -> open art market -> complete freedom but no security for artists; female artists increased

No central government -> armies on reserve

He was the first truly international artist (he worked in a European style, combining traits from different countries)

Rubenists believe that color is the most important part of a painting

The Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture was established in 1648;

It was in the service of King Louis XIV -> classical style (power);

It regularized instruction;

It elevated the status of the artist

Poussin's hierarchy of subjects: history -> portraiture -> landscape (with a biblical/mythological reference) -> genre type -> still-life

One of Paris' Academy's leaders, he established a hierarchy of subjects (grand/noble subjects were best, painted in the classical style)

Poussinists believe that line is the most important part of a painting

well-modeled figures

contrapposto

harmonious (7:1) proportions

classical drapery

linear perspective

atmospheric perspective

stabilizing triangle

blanketing light

Rococo: fanciful subjects in a fanciful style (fluff)

In France, the break between the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV allowed things to loosen up a bit;

Lavish apartments;

The Academy allowed four women a year

In England, Protestantism reigned;

Moralize in the context of the everyday;

Narratives, series;

Sir Joshua Reynolds was the head of the 1768 British Academy

John Locke said that all people are basically good and should be given certain basic rights;

The idea of empiricism prevailed

Jacques-Louis Davis said that "art should educate, moralize, and instruct"; used the grand manner (classical subjects, classical style) - a Poussinist

Romanticism: many styles, emotion, intuition, many subjects (landscapes (BIG nature, little people), contemporary events, the fantastic/grotesque/sublime, contemporary literature)

In America, the Hudson River School began; Manifest Destiny

In the 19th century, there were middle-class buyers, art critics, and more artists (so more competition)

Realism was the first modern art movement: painted modern subjects in a documentary (objective) style

Gustave Courbet said "I cannot paint an angel; I've never seen one"