Term
| What interleukins do endotoxins induce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bugs don't gram stain well? |
|
Definition
These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color
Treponema, Rickettsia, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia |
|
|
Term
| What does a PAS stain stain? |
|
Definition
Glycogen, mucopolysaccharides and Whipple's dx
PASs the SUGAR |
|
|
Term
| What bugs are obligate aerobes? |
|
Definition
Nagging Pests Must Breathe
Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus |
|
|
Term
| What are some obligate anaerobes? |
|
Definition
Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air
Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces |
|
|
Term
| What are the facultative intracellular bugs? |
|
Definition
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLy
Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella |
|
|
Term
| What are the encapsulated bugs? |
|
Definition
Some Killers Have Nice Shiny Bodies
Strep pneumo, Klebsiella, H. flu, Neisseria, Salmonella, group B strep |
|
|
Term
| What are the urease positive bugs? |
|
Definition
Particular Kinds Have Urease
Proteus, Klebsiella, H. pylori, Ureaplasma |
|
|
Term
| What bugs have Protein A, M protein and IgA protease? |
|
Definition
| Protein A = S. aureus, M Protein = GAS, IgA protease = SHiN = S. pneumo, H. flu, Neisseria |
|
|
Term
| What interleukins do superantigens induce? |
|
Definition
IL-2 and IFN-gamma
Activate more lymphocytes/macrophages (whereas endotoxins just cause fever/vascular response) |
|
|
Term
| What bugs have ADP ribosylating A-B toxins? |
|
Definition
| Cornebacterium diphtheriae (ER-2), Vibrio cholerae (stim AC), E. coli (heat-labile and stabile - AC an GC), Bordetella pertussis (inhibit Gi - increase cAMP) |
|
|
Term
| What bugs exotoxins are cAMP inducers? |
|
Definition
Vibrio cholerae, E. coli, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis
(Cholera turns on "on", pertussis turns off "off" and bacillus is an AC) |
|
|
Term
| What other bug is Corynebacterium diph's toxin similar to? |
|
Definition
Pseudomonas
Inactivate elongation factor 2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of Shiga toxin? |
|
Definition
| cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S ribosome) and enhances cytokine release, causing HUS |
|
|
Term
| What is the toxin of S. pyogenes (GAS)? |
|
Definition
Streptolysin O
Antigen for ASO Ab --> use to diagnosed Rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
| What 5 bacterial toxins are encoded by a lysogenic phage? |
|
Definition
ABCDE
shigA-like toxin, Botulinum, cholera, Diphtheria, Erythrogenic toxin of GAS |
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate the coagulase-negative staphylococci? |
|
Definition
Novobiocin
No StRES
Sapro is Resistent, Epidermidis is Sensitive |
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate the beta-hemolytic streptococci (catalase-neg)? |
|
Definition
Bacitracin
B-BRAS
Group B = resistant
Group A = Sensitive (also CAMP test) |
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate the alpha-hemolytic (green) streptococci? |
|
Definition
Optochin and bile solubility
OVRPS (overpass)
Viridens is Resistant, Pneumo is Sensitive (bile soluble) |
|
|
Term
| What are the beta-hemolytic gram-positive bacteria? |
|
Definition
S. aureus, Listeria, GAS and GBS
An AlphaBet LIST is GOLD for remembering |
|
|
Term
| What do the Protein A and M protein on S. aureus and GAS do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lancet-shaped, alpha-hemolytic, optochin sensitive and + quelling reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the only gamma-hemolytic streptococci? |
|
Definition
Enterococcus (GDS)
Growth in bile and 6.5% NaCl |
|
|
Term
| What streptococcus colonizes the gut, is not and enterococcus and can cause subacute endocarditis in colon cancer pts? |
|
Definition
| Group D strep (Strep bovis) |
|
|
Term
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
|
Definition
ABCDEFG
ADP ribosylation, Beta-prophage, Corynebacterium, Diphtheria, EF-2, Granules
Grows on tellurite agar
Exotoxin to heart and CNS! |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria's toxin is diphtheria's similar to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat C. diff? What causes C. diff? |
|
Definition
Treat with metronidazole
Clindamycin and/or ampicillin cause it |
|
|
Term
| What bug has the only polypeptide capsule (as opposed to glycoprotein)? |
|
Definition
Bacillus anthracis
capsule contains D-glutamate |
|
|
Term
| Why should pregnant women avoid cold-cuts and cheeses? |
|
Definition
Listeria
Intracellular, form actin rockets = tumbling motility.
In pregnant cause amnionitis, septicemia and spon abortion, healthies = mild gastroenteritis. Can cause neonatal meningitis and meningitis in immunocompro |
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat nocardia and actinomyces? |
|
Definition
SNAP
Sulfa for Nocardia, Actinomyces use Penicillin (and has SULFUR granules!)
Both have "sulf-" |
|
|
Term
| What is the major virulence factor of mycobacteria? |
|
Definition
Cord Factor
inactivates PMNs, damages mito and induces release of TNF |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Mycobacterium leprae? What are the toxicities of this drug? |
|
Definition
Dapsone
Hemolysis and methemoglobinemia and AGRANULOCYTOSIS! |
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate the G- oxidase+ comma shaped bacteria? |
|
Definition
Campylobacter grows in 42 degrees (think that it's a food poisoning!)
Vibrio cholerae grows in alkaline media |
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate the Neisseria? |
|
Definition
MeninGitidis is a maltose fermenter (and Glucose fermenter)
Gonorrhoeae is a maltose NONfermenter (but ferments Glucose!) |
|
|
Term
| What bugs are the lactose fermenters on MacConkey's? |
|
Definition
MacConKEE'S
Citrobacter, Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter, Serratia |
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate the G- rods that are lactose NONfermenters on MacConkey's? |
|
Definition
Oxidase- = Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus
Oxidase+ = Pseudomonas (OBLIGATE AEROBE!) |
|
|
Term
| What are the G- "coccoid" rods? |
|
Definition
| H. flu, Pasteruella (animal bites), Brucells, and Bordetella pertussis |
|
|
Term
| Can penicillin be used on G- bacteria? |
|
Definition
| NO! G- outer membrane inhibits entry of penicillin G and vanco |
|
|
Term
| Why is there no vaccine for N. gonorrhoeae? |
|
Definition
| No polysacc capsule, rapid antigenic variation of pilus proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are the named syndromes associated with the 2 Neisseria? |
|
Definition
Gonococci = Fitz-Hugh-Curtis sx = liver capsule complication from PID
Meningococci = Waterhouse-Friderichsen Sx = adrenal insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is given as prophylaxis to close contacts of pts w/ N. meningitidis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the diseases associated w/ H. flu infection? |
|
Definition
HaEMOPhilus
Epiglottitis, Menigitis, Otitis media and Pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| What bugs cause otitis media in kids? |
|
Definition
| S. pneumo, H. flu and Moraxella catarrhalis |
|
|
Term
| What are the sx's of Legionella infxn? What does it grow on? |
|
Definition
High fever and pneumonia w/ GI sx's
French legionnaire w/ his SILVER helmit, sitting around a campfire (CHARCOAL) with his iron gagger - he is no SISSY (Cysteine) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major source of Pseudomonas? |
|
Definition
Water
Think of hot tub folliculitis |
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat pseudomonas? |
|
Definition
aminoglycosides (used for AEROBES!) + extended spectrum penicillin
(aminO2glycosides) |
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors of E. coli? |
|
Definition
| Fimbriae (cystitis and pyelo), K capsule (pneumo and meningitis), LPS endotox (septic shock) |
|
|
Term
What is the only E. coli that doesn't use a toxin?
What E. coli causes HUS? |
|
Definition
EPEC = no toxin
EHEC = HUS |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria causes red currant jelly sputum and is assoc with the 4 A's (Aspiration pneumo, Abscess in lungs, Alcoholics and diAbetics) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 E. coli that make shiga-like toxin? How do you distinguish them? |
|
Definition
EIEC and EHEC
EIEC toxin causes necrosis/inflamm AND invades mucosa, EHEC doesn't invade.
EHEC also ferments sorbitol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Salmonella is motile (salmon swim) and produces H2S. Shigella no flagella (use actin) and transmit via "Food, Fingers, Feces and Flies" |
|
|
Term
| What differentiates tuberculoid vs lepromatous leprosy? |
|
Definition
Tuberculoid = high cell-med immunity w/ Th1 response
Lepromatous = low cell-med immunity w/ Th2 response (humoral) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms/signs of Salmonella typhi? |
|
Definition
| Fever, diarrhea, headache, rose spots on abdomen. Can remain in gallbladder chronically |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria can cause Guillain-Barre syndrome? |
|
Definition
Campylobacter
Bloody diarrhea, fecal-oral, comma-shaped oxidase+ grows at 42 degrees |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is transmitted from pet feces (puppies), contaminated milk or pork. Causes diarrhea (esp day care centers) and can mimic appendicitis? |
|
Definition
Yersinia enterocolitica
Causes mesenteric adenitis (mimics Crohn's or appendicitis) |
|
|
Term
| How is H. pylori treated? |
|
Definition
Metronidazole, bismuth and either tetracycline/amoxicillin
OR metronidazole, omeprazole and clarithromycin |
|
|
Term
Animal urine
Flu-like sx's, fever, headache, abd pain, jaundice, photophobia and conjunctivitis |
|
Definition
Leptospira interrogans
JAUNDICE! |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Lyme disease? How is it treated? |
|
Definition
BAKE a key LYME pie
Bell's palsy, Arthritis, Kardiac block, Erythema migrans
Tx w/ doxycycline or ceftriaxone |
|
|
Term
| What is treated with doxycycline? |
|
Definition
| Soco & Lyme (Lyme disease) @ Ricks (Ricketsiae)= Chlamydia for Mike (Mycoplasma) |
|
|
Term
| What causes VDRL false positives? |
|
Definition
VDRL
Viruses (mono, hepatitis)
Drugs
Rheumatic Fever
Lupus and Leprosy |
|
|
Term
| What bugs cause a changing fever (either recurrent or undulant)? |
|
Definition
| Borrelia recurrentis (from a louse) and Brucella (unpasteurized dairy + hepatosplenomegaly) |
|
|
Term
| What is the classic triad of Rickettsiae infection? |
|
Definition
Headache, fever and rash (vasculitis - replicate in endothelial cells)
Tx w/ doxy! |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences in the rashes b/w Rickettsia rickettsii and typhus (R. typhi and R. prowazekii)? |
|
Definition
Rickettsial starts on hands/feet and typhus starts centrally and spreads outwards (no hands/feet)
"Rickettsia on the wRists, Typhus on the Trunk" |
|
|
Term
| What is it when a patient's serum is mixed w/ Proteus Ag's and get agglutination? |
|
Definition
Weil-Felix rxn
anti-rickettsial Ab's cross-reaction w/ Proteus O Ag's and agglutinate
NEGATIVE in Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) |
|
|
Term
| What infections cause Palm and Sole rashes? |
|
Definition
you drive CARS with your palms and soles
Coxsackievirus A (hand, foot and mouth dx), Rocky mtn spotted fever and Syphilis |
|
|
Term
| What are the different serotypes of Chlamydia? |
|
Definition
ABC = Africa/Blindness/Chronic infxn
L1-3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum
D-K = everything else (urethritis/PID, neonatal pneumo/conjunctivitis) |
|
|
Term
| What infection is associated with Cold agglutinins? |
|
Definition
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (walking pneumonia)
Steven-Johnson syndrome as well |
|
|
Term
| What is the only bacteria that contains cholesterol in it's membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate the systemic mycoses? |
|
Definition
Histo = hides in macrophages (Histo Hides)
Blasto = Blasto Buds (Broadly), granulomatous nodules
Coccidioido = spherules filled w/ endospores
Paracoccidiodo = "Captain's wheel", "Paracoccidio Parasails w/ the Captain's wheel all the way to Latin America" |
|
|
Term
| What are the cutaneous findings w/ Malassezia furfur? |
|
Definition
Hypopigmented or hyperpigmented spots
"Spaghetti and meatball" appearance on KOH
tx w/ selenium sulfide (selsun shampoo) |
|
|
Term
| What do the tinea's look like? |
|
Definition
Pruritic lesions w/ central clearing resembling a ring
Mold hyphae on KOH
NOT dimorphic |
|
|
Term
| How do you distinguish the Opportunistic fungal infections? |
|
Definition
Candida = dimorphic w/ pseudohyphae + germ tubes
Aspergillus = mold w/ septate hyphae that branch at acute angles (A for Acute Angles in Aspergillus)
Cryptococcus = heavily encapsulated yeast
Mucor/Rhizopus = mold w/ irregular nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles |
|
|
Term
| What patients are usually infected w/ Mucor or Rhizopus? |
|
Definition
Ketoacidotic diabetics and leukemic patients
Frontal lobe abscesses
Black necrotic eschar on face w/ cranial n involvement |
|
|
Term
| What is Pneumocystis jiroveci treated with? |
|
Definition
| TMP-SMX, pentamidine or dapsone |
|
|
Term
| What is Sporothrix schenckii treated with? |
|
Definition
Itraconazole or POTassium iodide
(plant a ROSE in the POT) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms and findings of Babesia? |
|
Definition
Fever and hemolytic anemia (NE US)
Maltese cross on PBS
Ixodes tick (same as Lyme dx)
Tx w/ clindamycin or quinine (also used w/ malaria --> hematologic dx's!) |
|
|
Term
| What are the findings w/ Trichomonas vaginalis? |
|
Definition
Vaginitis: foul smelling green d/c
ALKALINE vaginal fluid
Trophozoites on wet mount
Tx w/ metronidazole
BOTH this and Gardnerella are tx'd w/ metronidazole! |
|
|
Term
| What do you treat intestinal worm infections with? |
|
Definition
| -bendazoles (Worms are BENDy) |
|
|
Term
| What causes river blindness? What do you treat it with? |
|
Definition
Onchocerca volvulus
IVERmectin for rIVER blindness |
|
|
Term
What do you treat elephantiasis with?
(Wuchereria bancrofti) |
|
Definition
Diethylcarbamazine (Di-ethyl car = 2 Ethyl's in a car w/ and elephant in b/w)
Also tx Loa loa and Toxocara canis (both eye infxns) w/ it! |
|
|
Term
| What do you treat tapeworm infections with? (Taenia solium and Diphyllobothrium latum) |
|
Definition
Praziquantel
CRAZYquantel --> crazy women in the olden days who intentionally ate porkworm to lose weight |
|
|
Term
| What helminth can cause neurocysticercosis (cysts in the brain)? |
|
Definition
Taenia solium if eggs are ingested
Will see increased eosinophils (w/ any helminthic infection) |
|
|
Term
| What helminths can cause infection in the liver? |
|
Definition
| Echinococcus (hydatid cysts) and Schistosoma (snails --> granulomas in spleen and liver) |
|
|
Term
| What helminth can cause squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder? |
|
Definition
Schistosoma
Chronic infection - death of schistosomas evokes and immune response
Tx w/ Praziquantel |
|
|
Term
| What helminth can cause cholangiocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
Clonorchis senesis (inflamm of biliary tract --> pigmented gallstones)
Undercooked fish
Tx w/ Praziquantel |
|
|
Term
| Parasite infection that causes B12 deficiency |
|
Definition
Diphyllobothrium latum
Fish tapeworm
Tx w/ Praziquantel |
|
|
Term
| Parasite infection that causes Hemoptysis |
|
Definition
Paragonimus westermani
Undercooked crab meat
Tx w/ Praziquentel |
|
|
Term
| Parasite infection that causes portal HTN |
|
Definition
Schistosoma mansoni
Snails
Infects spleen and liver
Tx w/ Praziquantel |
|
|
Term
| Parasite infection that causes Microcytic anemia |
|
Definition
Ancylostoma and Necator
Hookworms
Suck blood from intestinal walls (hook on)
Larvae penetrate skin of feet (as does strongyloides)
Tx w/ -bendazoles |
|
|
Term
| Parasite that causes perianal pruritus |
|
Definition
Enterbius (pinworm)
Food contaminated w/ eggs
Tx w/ -bendazoles |
|
|
Term
| What is Trichinella spiralis? |
|
Definition
Nematode (roundworm)
Larvae encyst in muscle (pork)
Causes periorbital edema |
|
|
Term
| What are the live attenuated vaccines? |
|
Definition
| Smalllpox, Yellow fever, Sabin Polio, MMR, chickenpox |
|
|
Term
| What are the killed vaccines? |
|
Definition
Rabies, Salk polio, Influenza, HAV
SalK = Killed, RIP Always |
|
|
Term
| What is the only ssDNA virus? |
|
Definition
Parvovirus
"Part-of-a-virus" parvovirus |
|
|
Term
| What are the positive-strand RNA viruses? |
|
Definition
| I went to a RETRO TOGA party, where I drank FLAVored CORONA and ate HIPPY (hepevirus) CALIfornia PICKLES (PICOrnavirus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the only dsRNA virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do viruses replicate? |
|
Definition
All DNA in nucleus (except Poxvirus = BIG)
All RNA in the cytoplasm (except influenza and retroviruses) |
|
|
Term
| What are the Naked viruses? |
|
Definition
Naked CPR and PAPP smear
Calcivirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus (RNA)
Parvo, Adeno, Papilloma and Polyoma (DNA) |
|
|
Term
| What are the DNA viruses? |
|
Definition
HHAPPPPy viruses
Hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Parvo, Papilloma, Polyoma |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about the Poxvirus? |
|
Definition
Large, enveloped
Carries it's own DNA-dep RNA polymerase so replicates in the cytoplasm
Complex --> not icosahedral |
|
|
Term
| What cancers is EBV associated with? |
|
Definition
Hodgkin's disease
Burkitt's lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the arboviruses? |
|
Definition
RNA viruses
Toga, Falvi and Bunya
Think Paul BUNYAn, wearing a TOGA and chopping down a tree w/ a mosquito on him saying "Great FLAVor!" |
|
|
Term
| What viruses the the MMR vaccine protect against? |
|
Definition
| Paramyxo (measles and mumps) and Toga (rubella) |
|
|
Term
| What viruses cause viral gasteroenteritis? |
|
Definition
| Reovirus (Rotavirus) and Calicivirus (Norwalk virus) |
|
|
Term
| What viruses are the hepatitis viruses? |
|
Definition
| HAV = Picorna HBV = Hepadnavirus HCV = Flavivirus HDV = Deltavirus, HEV = hepevirus |
|
|
Term
| What viruses are segmented? |
|
Definition
BOAR
Bunya, Orthomyxo (influenza), Arena, Reo (gastroenteritis) |
|
|
Term
| What are the negative stranded RNA viruses? |
|
Definition
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication
Arena, Bunya, Paramyxo, Orthomyxo, Fila, Rhabdo |
|
|
Term
| What are the genetic changes that can occur in segmented viruses? Which is worse? |
|
Definition
Shift = worse, sudden, reassortment of genome
Drift = gradual, minor mutations |
|
|
Term
| What is the presentation of Rubella? |
|
Definition
3-day measles
Fever, postauricular tenderness, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, fine truncal rash.
TORCH - can cause PDA, PA stenosis, cataracts, MR, microcephaly, deafness, blueberry muffin rash |
|
|
Term
| What causes the virulence of paramyxo viruses? |
|
Definition
F (fusion) protein
Causes respiratory cells to fush and form multinucleated cells
HA and NA are togheter (none in RSV) |
|
|
Term
| What is the presentation of Rubeola (measles)? |
|
Definition
Koplik spots, SSPE years later, encephalitis and giant cell pneumonia
Rash presents last and spreads from head to toe (like pouring paint over them)
Includes hands and feet |
|
|
Term
| What are the main differences in the rashes of measles and rubella? |
|
Definition
Measles = late rash that spreads from head to toe and includes hands and feet (+ prodrome of cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and Koplik spots)
Rubella = Head and moves down, truncal only |
|
|
Term
| What does HDV require of HBV for replication? |
|
Definition
| Requires HBsAg as its envelope |
|
|
Term
| What hepatitis viruses are fecal-oral? What distinguishes them from the other hepatitis viruses (structurally)? |
|
Definition
HAV and HEV
Both and Naked (Naked CPR-H and PAPP)
Hepe and Picorna (The VOWELS hit your BOWELS - aren't destroyed in the gut b/c no envelope) |
|
|
Term
| What are the outer membrane proteins on the HIV virus? |
|
Definition
p24 = capsid protein
gp41 = fusion and entry
gp20 = attachment to host T cell
Genes = env (gp120 and gp41), gag (p24) and pol (reverse transcriptase)
gp160 is glycosylated then cleaved to form gp41 and gp120 |
|
|
Term
| What does the HIV virus bind on T cell and macrophages? |
|
Definition
T cell = CD4 and CXCR4
Macrophages = CD4 and CCR5 |
|
|
Term
| What EBV-related blood cancers and dx's are associated with HIV? |
|
Definition
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Burkitt's) |
|
|
Term
| What are the neoplasms associated with HIV? |
|
Definition
| Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8), invasive cervical carcinoma (HPV), primary CNS lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the major bacteria found in the colon and the vagina? |
|
Definition
Colon = B. frag > E. coli
Vagina = lactobacillus, E. coli and GBS |
|
|
Term
| What foods is S. aureus food poisoning found in? |
|
Definition
meats, mayonnaise, custard
Preformed toxin! |
|
|
Term
| What protozoa cause watery diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| Giardia, Cryptosporidium (in immunocompromised) |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of meningitis and pneumonia in neonates? |
|
Definition
Pneumonia = GBS, E. coli
Meningitis = GBS, E. coli and Listeria |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of pneumonia and meningitis in Children (4wk-18 yrs)? |
|
Definition
Pneumonia = RSV, mycooplasma, Chlamydia pneumo, Strep pneumo (Runts May Cough Sputum)
Meningitis = Strep pneumo, N. meningitidis, H. flu and enteroviruses |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of pneumonia in adults 18-40? |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma, C. pneumo and S. pneumo |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of pneumonia in adults 40-65? |
|
Definition
| S. pneumo, H. flu, anaerobes, viruses, mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of meningitis in adults 6-60? |
|
Definition
| N. menigitidis, enteroviruses, s. pneumo and HSV |
|
|
Term
| What are the major causes of pneumonia and meningitis in the elderly (>60)? |
|
Definition
Pneumonia = S. pneumo, influenza, anaerobes, H. flu, G- rods
Meningitis = S. pneumo, G- rods, Listeria |
|
|
Term
| What is the major cause of vertebral osteomyelitis? |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Pott's disease = extrapulmonary TB) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive leukocyte esterase = bacterial
Positive Nitrite = Gram- bacterial |
|
|
Term
| What are the major causes of bacterial UTI (in order)? |
|
Definition
E. coli, S. saprophyticus, Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas
Tx w/ TMP-SMX |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of neonatal toxoplasma (TORCH)? |
|
Definition
Triad of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus and intracranial calcifications
IN THE HEAD! (toxo causes ring-enhancing BRAIN lesions in mom!) |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of neonatal Syphilis (TORCH)? |
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Definition
| Hydrops or if survives = facial abnormalities (notched teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla, saber shins) |
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Term
| What infection of childhood causes a rash that begins on the trunk and spreads to face and extremities w/ lesions of different ages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What infection of childhood causes an erythematous, sandpaper-like rash w/ fever and sore throat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major clinical features of Chlamydia (subtype D-K)? |
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Definition
| Urethritis, cervicitis, conjunctivitis, Reiter's syndrome, PID |
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Term
| Infection with what causes cotton-wool spots on fundoscopic exam in HIV+ pts? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tropheryma whippelii (Whipple's disease)
Men w/ diarrhea, abd pain, wt loss and joint pains |
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Term
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Definition
| Candida albicans (systemic), Aspergillus |
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Term
| What is penicillin mostly used for? |
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Definition
| Gram+ (S. pneumo, GAS and actinomyces) and SYPHILIS |
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Term
| What are the penicillinase-resistant penicillins? |
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Definition
I MET and NAsty OX
Methicillin, Naficillin, dicloxacillin
Risk of interstitial nephritis |
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Term
| What are the broader spectrum penicillins? What are they used for? |
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Definition
Ampicillin, amoxicillin
Used for G+'s and G- rods (H. flu, E. coli, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella, enterococci)
Risk of pseudomembranous colitis |
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Term
| What drugs are used for Pseudomonas? |
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Definition
TCP: Takes Care of Pseudomonas
Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Piperacillin |
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Term
| What are the cephalosporins used for? |
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Definition
1st gen = PEcK
2nd gen = HEN PEcKS
H. flu, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia
3rd gen = serious G- infections |
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Term
| What are the major toxicities of cephalosporins? |
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Definition
Vit K deficiency
Nephrotox w/ aminoglycosides
Disulfiram-like rxn w/ EtOH |
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Term
| What is the major toxicity w/ carbapenems? |
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Definition
| CNS toxicity (reduced seizure threshold) |
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Term
| What is vancomycin used for? What are its major toxicities? |
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Definition
G+ ONLY
Nephrotox, Ototox, Thrombophelibitis --> RED MAN Sx (Dan the RED man drives a VAN)
Does NOT have many probs! |
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Term
| What are the protein synthesis inhibitors? |
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Definition
CLEaM TAG
50S = Chloramp, Linezolid, Erythromycin/Macrolides
30S = Tetracyclines, AminoGlycosides, |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides? What are they used for? Toxicities? |
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Definition
Inhibit 30S ribosome, block formation of the initiation complex and cause misreading of mRNA
Used for AEROBIC G- rods
Nephrotox, Ototox, Teratogen |
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Term
| What are tetracyclines used for? |
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Definition
Intracellular
Don't take w/ divalent cations!
Toxicities = photosensitivity, tooth discoloration, teratogen
Resistance by decreased uptake and increased efflux |
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Term
| What are macrolides used for? What do they do? Tox? Resistance? |
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Definition
Block translocation (bind 23S rRNA)
Liver CLaMp --> Chlamydia, Legionella, Mycoplasma, Atypical Pneumonias
Liver = causes acute cholestatic hepatitis and prolongs QT
Resistance by methylation of 23S rRNA |
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Term
| What is chloramphenicol used for? |
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Definition
Meningitis
But a lot of toxicities = anemia, aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome |
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Term
| What is clindamycin used for? |
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Definition
Treat anaerobes ABOVE the diaphragm (metronidazole tx anaerobes BELOW the diaphragm)
Tox = Pseudomembranous colitis |
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Term
| What is the action of sulfonamides? |
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Definition
Block dihydropteroate synthetase
(PABA + Pteridine --> dihydropteroic acid --> dihydrofolate) |
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Term
| What are the toxicities of Sulfonamides? |
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity rxns, hemolysis w/ G6PD def, nephrotox (tubulointerstitial nephritis), photosens |
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Term
| What drug is Trimethoprim similar to? |
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Definition
Methotrexate
OD of both can be treated (rescue) w/ leucovorin (folate) |
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Term
| What drugs are considered "sulfas"? |
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Definition
| Sulfonamides, sulfasalazine, sulfonylureas, thiazides, acetazolamide, furosemide, celecoxib, probenecid |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole? |
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Definition
Free radicals formed that damage DNA
cidal
Anaerobic infections below the diaphragm
Disulfiram-like rxn |
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Term
| What is the major toxicity of polymyxins? |
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Definition
Acute renal tubular necrosis
Nephro/Neurotox |
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Term
| What drugs are used to treat TB? |
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Definition
Isoniazid = decreased syn mycolic acid
Rifampin = inh DNA-dep RNA polymerase (causes red body fluids!)
Streptomycin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol |
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Term
| What do you give to pts w/ endocarditis when they go to the dentist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is given for prophylaxis to pts w/ Pneumocystis jiroveci? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major anti-fungal drugs? |
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Definition
Amphotericin B/Nystatin = binds ergosterol and forms membrane pores (ny = topical)
Azoles = inhibit fungal sterol syn (inh P450 that makes it and all P450!)
Flucytosine = becomes 5-FU
Capsofungin = inh cell wall syn (inh beta-glucan syn)
Terbinafine = inh squalene epoxidase
Griseofulvin = microtubules, disrupts mitosis (tox = induces P450) |
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Term
| Which azole can cross the BBB? |
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Definition
| Fluconazole --> used for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS pts and candida |
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Term
| What is used to treat chloroquine-resistant species (ex malaria types)? |
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Definition
Quinine + pyrimethamine/sulfonamide
(Pyrimethamine inh DHFR) |
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Term
| What are all the drugs that inhibit Dihydrofolate Reductase? |
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Definition
Methotrexate
Trimethoprim
Pyrimethamine |
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Term
| What do bendazoles, ivermectin and praziquantel do? |
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Definition
-Bendazoles = inh glucose uptake and microtubule syn
Ivermectin = intensified GABA-med neurotrans and causes immobilization
Praziquentel = increases mem permeability to Ca, causing contraction and paralysis of tapeworms and flukes |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of Amantadine? What is it used for? |
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Definition
Blocks viral penetration/uncoating (M2) and causes the release of dopamine from nerve terminals
Used for Influenza A and Parkinson's (90% influenza A resistant, so not used) |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of Zanamivir and Oseltamivir? |
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Definition
Inhibit influenza neuraminidase --> decreases RELEASE of progeny virus
Used for influenza A and B |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of Ribavirin? |
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Definition
Inhibit syn of guanine by competeitively inh IMP deHase
Use for RSV and chronic Hep C
Tox = hemolytic anemia and teratogen |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of Acyclovir? |
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Definition
Guanosine analog (activated by thymidine kinase) - causes chain termination
Used for HSV, VZV and EBV
No effect on LATENT viral infection! |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of Ganciclovir? |
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Definition
| Same as acyclovir (guanosine analog) but more toxic and used for CMV |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of Foscarnet? |
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Definition
Viral DNA polymerase inhibitor (competitive). Doesn't require activation like the -cyclovir's.
Used for CMV retinitis when ganciclovir fails
Tox = nephrotox |
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Term
| What does HAART consist of? |
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Definition
2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + 1 protease inhibitor OR 2 NRTIs + 1 non-nucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI)
Starts when present w/ AIDS defining illness or CD4 <350 or high viral load |
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Term
| What are the protease inhibitors use to treat HIV/AIDS? |
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Definition
-navir's
Inhibit the pol gene that cleaves the polypeptide to for functional parts (env = gp120 and gp41 and gag = p24) |
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Term
| What are the NRTIs used to treat HIV? |
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Definition
Competitively inh nuc binding to reverse transcriptase and terminate the chain (lack 3' OH) must be PO4'd to be active
Zidovudine(AZT), Didanosine, Zalcitabine, Stavudine |
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Term
| What are the NNRTI's used to treat HIV? |
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Definition
Inh RT non-competitively and don't req PO4-lation
NEvirapine, Efavirenz and Declaviridine
Never Ever Deliver nucleosides |
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Term
| What is the fusion inhibitor used to treat HIV? |
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Definition
EnFUvirtide
Bind gp41 and inh fusion w/ CD4 cells
increased risk bacterial pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
Block replication of RNA and DNA viruses (synthesized by virus-infected cells)
IFN-alpha = Hep B, IFN-beta = MS, IFN-gamma = NADPH oxid def (chronic granulomatous dz)
Tox = neutropenia |
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Term
| What are the antibiotics to avoid during pregnancy? |
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Definition
SAFE Moms Take Really Good Care
Sulfonamides, Aminoglycosides, Floroquinolones, Erythromycin, Metronidazole, Tetracyclines, Ribavirin, Griseofulvin, Chloramp |
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