Term
| Why is the structure of the cell membrane referred to as a bilayer? |
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Definition
1 layer of heads and 1 layer of tails. heads=hydrophilic tails=hydrophobic |
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Term
| Most enzymes are: A. lipids B. phospholipids C.proteins D.carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw and label a nucleotide(what are the 3 things). |
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Definition
| Phosphate------Sugar-------Base |
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Term
| List and describe the stages of mitosis.(5) |
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Definition
1.Interphase-chromosmes double, cell grows, organelles divide. 2.Prohpase-nuclear membrane dissapears 3.Metaphase-chromosomes attach/line up 4.Anaphase-chromosomes pull apart/spindle attach 5.Telophase-2 identical nuclei; cytokinesis occurs |
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Term
| What is the most important thing that happens in meiosis I and meiosis II? |
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Definition
I-Crossing over II-Cells become haploid |
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Term
| What's the difference between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide? |
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Definition
| a monosaccharide makes up polysaccharides. |
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Term
| A tool used to measure liquid? A.tube B.graduated cylinder C.hot plate D.petri dish |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you find the total magnification of the microscope? |
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Definition
| the eyepiece X objective lenses |
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Term
| Which type of writing is scientific? Objective or Subjective |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the cell's energy is contained in the: A.lysosomes B.golgi apparatus C.mitochondria D.ribosomes E.chloroplast |
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Definition
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Term
| The gene for colorblindness is: A.on the y chromosome B.on the X sex chromosome C.linked to hemmophilia D.carried by males without being expressed E.caused by multiple alleles. |
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Definition
| B.on the X sex chromosome |
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Term
| Which of the following genotyped is female? A.XX B.XY C.YY D.none of these |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype? |
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Definition
| Genotype is the letter for a gene; Phenotype is the actual physical characteristic |
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Term
| If a couple has produced 5 daughters in a row, what is the chance that they will have a daughter the next time the wife conceives? A.25% B.50% C.75% D.100% |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| When brown eyed parents have a blue eyed child, then the genotyped of the parents are probably: A.BB,Bb B.Bb,bb C.Bb,Bb D.BB,BB E.bb,bb |
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Definition
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Term
| When the DNA is split and then copied as RNA, which type of RNA is formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are monomers and polymers? |
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Definition
| monomers are the little pieces of a molecule that make up a polymer. |
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Term
| What type of monomers make up proteins? polysaccharides? nucleic acids? lipids? |
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Definition
1.amino acids 2.monosaccharides 3.nucleotides 4.fatty acids/glycerol |
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Term
| A cell put in a hypotonic solution tends to get larger or smaller and why? |
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Definition
| Larger since their is more liquid(solvent) in the solution than solid(solute) |
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Term
| Humans have how many chromosomes in all cels excluding their sex cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| When you cross a heterozygous tall plant with a homozygous short plant(tall is dominant), what is the % of tall to short? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to cut the DNA in DNA recombination? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the process of meiosis, how many cells do you end up with? Are they identical or not and why? |
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Definition
| 4 non identical cells, not identical because of crossing over |
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Term
| Two parents are both heterozygous for Huntington's disease. What % of their offspring will be affected with the disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two parents are both heterozygous for Cystic Fibrosis. What % of their offspring will be affected with the disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| A red flower is incompletelt dominant to a white flower. If a pink flpwer is crossed with a white flower, what is the probability of getting a white flower? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is translation different than transcription in protein synthesis? |
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Definition
| translation occurs in the ribosomes and is the decoding of messanger RNA into a protein while transcription occurs in the nucleus and the DNA is copied onto the messanger RNA |
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Term
| What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon? |
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Definition
| Codon is 3 bases on mRNA, anticodon is 3 bases on tRNA |
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Term
| How many chromoseomes do you expect to find in the karyotype of a person with Turner Syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Non disjunction? Translocation? Aneuploidy? |
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Definition
1.uneven separation in meiosis 2.chromosome relocates to a different one 3.having abnormal amount of chromosomes |
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Term
| How many autosomal chromosomes do you have in your normal cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between haploid and diploid? |
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Definition
1.Haploid is having 1/2 the number of chromosomes(23) 2.Diploid is having the regular amount(46) *the numbers are including sex chromosomes |
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Term
| List the steps of the process of DNA fingerprinting. |
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Definition
A-extract DNA(blood tissue) B-cut fragments with restriction enzymes C-Separate fragments with a gel electrophoresis box 1.DNA placed in wells 2.Electric current runs 3.Longer pieces stay closer to te well and smaller pieces move further down the gel box. |
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Term
List the process of DNA recombination. *What 3 things could be made in the process? *List why we like to use bacteria. |
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Definition
A-splice out DNA fragment code from another source B-use restriction enzymes to cut DNA causing sticky ends. C-DNA fragments combine w/ bacterial DNA/plasmid D-DNA insertion-inserted back into bacteria E-Bacterial cells reproduce F-Extract new product from bacteria *growth hormone,insulin,interferon *reproduces quickly, has plasmid, cheap, plentiful, no one cares about them. |
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Term
| List what has to happen for a gene to be expressed? |
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Definition
1.Inducer attaches to repressor 2.Repressor falls off 3.RNA polymerase attaches making proteins. |
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Term
| What is an intron and an exon? How are they involved in pre mRNA and mRNA? |
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Definition
1.Intron does not code for AA, it's junk DNA Exon codes for AA and is translated 2.Involved in pre mRNA/mRNA since the introns are recycled through the DNA helping the pre mRNA process, and exons leave the nucleus and become mRNA. |
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Term
Contains bases Involved in translation Involved in transcription Involved in replication Carries amino acids |
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Definition
1.DNA,mRNA,tRNA 2.mRNA,tRNA 3.DNA,mRNA 4.DNA 5.tRNA |
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Term
What are the following people responsible for? Franklin Chargaff Watson/Crick Mendel |
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Definition
1.Used x-rays to figure out DNA's shape 2.said that the amount of A=T and G=C in an organism, and that the amount of the 4 bases depends on the organism 3.figured out DNA was a double helix,made a model 4.Father of genectics who used pea plants with contrasting traits and crossed them. |
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Term
What are the functions of the following terms? Lysosome Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Chloroplast Plasma Membrane |
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Definition
1.Digests molecules in an animal cell 2.processes,packages, and distributes molecules about the cell 3.produces ATP molecules and breaks down food 4.uses solar energy to make food 5.semi-permeable membrane between the interior and exterior of a cell |
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Term
| Explain the relationship between golgi and rough ER. |
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Definition
A-proteins are made in rough ER; lipids made in smooth ER B-carried to golgi in vesicles C-golgi packages, modifies, and sorts the contents into vesicles D-contents are sent to the plasma membrane where the contents are excreted |
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Term
| What should be on your drawing of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
2 layers- heads and tails a protein on the side of it somewhere since its embeddes w/ proteins |
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Term
| Why do cells need to stay small? |
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Definition
A-to allow proper food/waste exchange B-nucleus can control so much volume C-cytoskeleton can support so much volume |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts to the cell theory? |
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Definition
A-all organsims are composed of cells B-cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms C-cells come from pre-existing cells |
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Term
| What are the main differences between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
DNA-deoxiribose, thymine, 2 stranded RNA-ribose,uracil,single stranded (there are more, but those are good enough) |
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Term
| What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
Prokaryotic-no nucleus/nuclear membrane/cytoskeleton, bacteria Eukaryotic- has nucleus/many organelles/cytoskeleton, all other organisms, came from prokaryotic cells |
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Term
| What are the 2 criteria for Stem cells? What are the 2 kinds of stem cells? What are scientists trying to accomplish with stem cell research? |
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Definition
A-unspecialized & self renewing B-embryonic & adult C-taking unspecialized cells and specializing them to make a certain body part etc |
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Term
| The Human Genome has 2 main goals, what are they? |
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Definition
A-map the sequence of base pairs B-map the sequence of genes |
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Term
| List at least 2 ways we have genetically altered bacteria, plants, and animals. |
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Definition
A-frost free,insecticides, break down oil, suicide gene B-soybeans-resistant to herbicides, corn producing antibodies to deliver radioisotopes to tumors, potatoes, cotton, and corn resistant to pest producing toxins C-Bovine growth hormone, gene pharming*pharmaceuticals |
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Term
| Explain the Na+ K+ pump in detail. |
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Definition
| active transport, transports Na+ out of the cell, and takes in K+ for the cell; done by a carrier protein. this is needed for our cells to remain at homeostasis. |
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