Term
| 1.How many kcal/gram are carbs? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2.What percentage range of total Kcal per day should carbs be? |
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Definition
| 45-65% of total Kcal should be carbs. |
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Term
| 3.What is the daily value (DV) for carbs per day in grams for women? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4.What are 3 monosaccharides and where are they found? |
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Definition
Glucose- in blood sugar
Fructose- in corn syrup, fruits, honey and saps(MOST COMMON FOOD SWEETNER “HFCS”)
Galactose-found only as part of lactose (milk sugar) |
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Term
| 5.Explain the condensation reaction and hydrolysis in the formation of disaccharides? |
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Definition
Condensation reaction also called anabolism is the formation of sucrose + water from glucose and fructose.
Hydrolysis also called catabolism the reverse reaction. In other words, it is the formation of glucose and fructose from sucrose and water. |
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Term
| 6.What are 3 disaccharides and where are they found? |
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Definition
Sucrose found in sugar cane
Lactose found in milk (milk sugar0
Maltose found in beer, in seeds and in the small intestine during the catabolism of starch. |
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Term
| 8.What enzyme starts carbohydrate digestion and where is it located? |
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Definition
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Term
| 9.What are 2 types of starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10.Trace the path of glucose absorption from the villus cells to the liver? |
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Definition
1/Carbohydras on villus cells lining small intestine split disaccha’(maltose) in to monosacch’s glucose. 2/Monosacch glucose absorb into portal vein and then liver
(Villus cells-capillaries-portal vein then liver) |
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Term
| 7.What are 3 polysaccharides and where are they found? |
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Definition
Starch found in pasta, rice, legumes, potatoes and corn
Cellulose found in plants
Glycogen found in muscle and liver tissues of animals also made of glucose-glucose bonds. |
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Term
| 11.Why is botulism associated with a health aspect of sugars? |
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Definition
| It contains clostridium botulinum endospores which germinate in the naïve infant colon and release botulism toxin which can be fatal. |
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Term
| 12.What is an inherited inability to produce lactase? |
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Definition
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Term
| 13.What condition of the arteries may develop in people who are carbohydrate sensitive? |
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Definition
| Atherosclerosis: plaque fat builds up in the arteries leading to stroke and heart attack in carbohydrates sensitive people. |
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Term
| 14.The fructose part of sucrose in sweets may be converted into what chemical in the development of dental caries? |
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Definition
| Lactic acid which etches the enamel of teeth. |
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Term
| 15.What pancreatic hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose into body cells, and conversion of excess glucose into fat for storage? |
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Definition
| Insulin from pancreas (beta cells) |
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Term
| 16.What pancreatic hormone stimulates release of glucagon which signals the liver to release stored glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| 17.List 5 G.I.T. disorders associated with long term low fiber intake? |
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Definition
| Constipation, fissures, hemorrhoids, irritable bowl syndrome, diverticulosis and colon cancer |
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Term
| 18.Meeting the DV for fiber in men and women reduces the absorption of what 3 things found in food? |
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Definition
| Food toxins, cholesterol and slows sugar absorption benefiting diabetics. |
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Term
| 19.What substance in grains and seeds can interfere with absorption of iron and calcium? |
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Definition
| Phytates block absorption of Fe and Ca |
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Term
| 20.What sweetner may act as a neurotoxin and is most toxic if warm? |
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Definition
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Term
| 21.How many kcal/gram do lipids have? |
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Definition
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Term
| 22.What percentage of lipid Kcal/day should people have? |
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Definition
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Term
| 23.What percentage of saturated fat Kcal/day should people be limited to? |
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Definition
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Term
| 24.In what cells is fat stored? In what tissue are these cells found? |
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Definition
| Fat is stored in adipocytes of adipose tissue. |
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Term
| 25.What are 3 types of triglycerides? List the food source and number of double covalent bonds found in the fatty acid chains? |
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Definition
Saturated fats found in Animal fats
Monounsaturated fat found in Olive oil
Polyunsaturated fat found in vegetable oil. (best sesame , peanut, safflower) |
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Term
| 26.Draw a phospholipid? Where are they found in animal cells? Provide one example in food and what it is used for? |
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Definition
Found in cell membranes
Lecithin used as emulsifier providing smooth palatable texture in the production of chocolates and mayonnaise. |
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Term
| 27.Where is cholesterol found in animal cells? List 3 things cholesterol is converted into by the body? What 3 foods are high in cholesterol? |
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Definition
Cholesterol is found mostly in cell membranes where it provides strength and shape to animal cells.
Cholesterol is converted into bile by the liver; many different hormones (sex!) and vitamin D.
Food high in cholesterol are eggs, liver, and seafood. |
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Term
| 28.What are 2 essential PUFA’s? In what foods are they found? |
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Definition
2 essential PUFA are Omega 6 and Omega3.
Omega 6 found in red meat and Guernsey milk, cheese, soy, corn, safflower and vegetable oils.
Omega 3 found in soy products, nuts, seeds, wild salmon. |
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Term
| 29.In lipid digestion, where are short chain, medium chain, and glycerol absorbed into? |
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Definition
| Short chain fatty acids, medium chain fatty acids and glycerol are all water soluble fats. These are absorbed into blood capillaries after crossing the villus cells; enter the portal vein, then go to the liver. |
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Term
| 30.In lipid digestion what happens to the Monoglycerides in the G.I.T.? |
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Definition
Monoglycerides are packed with long chained fatty acids into triglycerides in the villus cells; then packed with protein on the lymphatic side of the villus cells forming chylomicrons.
Chylomicrons are released into the lacteal capillaries of the lymphatic system. |
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Term
| 31.Where are chylomicrons formed? Into what body system are they released during absorption? |
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Definition
| Chylomicrons are formed in the villi cells and are released into the lacteal capillaries of lymphatic system. |
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Term
| 32.Trace the path of absorption for chylomicrons from the villus cells to the blood stream? |
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Definition
| Lacteal capillaries→ peyers patches→ cysterna chyli →thoracic duct→snbaclavian vein. |
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Term
| 33.Provide the acronyms for the 4 lipid transport proteins? |
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Definition
Chylomicrons are the largest, least dense with the least protein packaging.
VDLDL are very low density lipoproteins. Produced by the liver and released into blood for somatic (body) cell energy
LDL is low density lipoprotein. Produced in the blood steam; made from VLDL. Contain mostly bad old cholesterol.
HDL is high density lipoproteins formed in blood stream. |
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Term
| 34.What happens to chylomicrons? |
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Definition
| Body cells grab them and use them to make energy. |
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Term
| Where are VLDL’s made and what do they collect in the blood stream? |
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Definition
| VLDL is made in the liver and it collects old cholesterol in bloodstream after they drop of triglycerides to the cells. |
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Term
| Where are LDL’s produced and what are they mostly made of? What is the problem with LDL’s (ie. Why are they considered bad fat?) |
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Definition
| LDL is produced in the blood stream and they are made of VLDL. It contains mostly bad old cholesterol. |
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Term
| 1.Where are HDL’s made? What are they made of? What is so good about HDL’s? |
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Definition
| HDL is made in the blood stream. It contains old phospholipids and little cholesterol. They do not form plaque. |
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Term
| 38.What number for cholesterol in blood (in mg/DL) poses high risk for heart attack or stroke? |
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Definition
| Greater than 240 high risk for heart attack or stroke. |
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Term
| 39.List 8 things that can lower cholesterol levels (count fiber as one)? |
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Definition
| Regular exercise, garlic, soy protein, 2-4 oz of alcohol per week, 250mg/day of niacin, 25 – 30 g /day fiber (especially okra, legumes, oats, barley, eggplant, green tea, and lowered levels of stress. |
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Term
| What are the 5 dietary causes of stroke and heart disease? (think food labels!) |
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Definition
| High total kcal, high total fat, high saturated fat, high cholesterol, high sodium. |
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Term
| 41.What energy nutrient always contains nitrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| 42.What are the 20 components of proteins? |
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Definition
| 20 different amino acids |
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Term
| 43.What are the 3 chemical parts of an amino acid? |
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Definition
| Nitrogen group, a central carbon atom linked to a variable R- region and a carboxylic group. |
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Term
| 44.Where in the cell are proteins made? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most unique feature of protein in terms of energy storage in the body? |
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Definition
| Proteins CANNOT be stored |
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Term
| 46.What is the most common functional protein responsible for catalyzing all the chemical reactions in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common protein found in the body that is vital for the structural aspects of making tendons, cartilage, and muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| List 6 great sources of protein other than meat and eggs? |
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Definition
| Combination of whole grains and legumes, then soy products, broccoli, bok choy, watermelon, and oranges. |
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Term
| 49. What substance starts the process of protein digestion by exposing the proteins in the stomach to digestive enzymes? Where do the amino acids go when absorbed through the villus cells? |
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Definition
| Hydrochloric acid HCL denatures proteins in the stomach. The amino acids pass to the blood capillaries, portal vein liver and finally blood stream. |
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Term
| 50.How many essential amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| 51.What chemical found in soy lowers LDL’s reducing risk of heart disease and stroke? |
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Definition
| Isoflavones lower LDL’s reducing risk of heart disease and stroke. |
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Term
| 52.What chemical found in soy increases risk for kidney stones? |
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Definition
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Term
| 53.What is the danger of dropping below 1,200 Kcal per day? |
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Definition
| If a person is eating less than 1,200 kcal/day, healthy tissues containing protein will be catabolized in order to obtain amino acids for conversion into glucose (gluconeogenesis) |
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Term
54. How much exogenous protein does the average person need per day?
60 grams/day |
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Definition
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Term
| 55.How do you calculate how much exogenous protein you need per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 6 dangers of protein excess? |
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Definition
| Obesity, release of fat into the blood stream, kidney disease, calcium depletion, long term use of purified protein supplements or amino acids supplement cause calcium depletion, alkalosis, excessive protein excretion |
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Term
| 57.What are 2 diseases associated with protein malnutrition? |
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Definition
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Term
| 58.What are 3 ways to develop Kwashiorkor? |
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Definition
| Mother switch 1st born from breast milk to cassava flour which are amino acid deficient, from eating moldy grain, parasitic infection that damage the liver and mal absorption problem in small intestine . |
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