- tall buildings made of steel which made efficient use of space in crowded cities (Industrial Revolution)

- new innovations accompanying rise of skyscrapers: vertical plumbing, heating/ventilation, fireproofing, elevators.

Designed by Gustave Eiffel (1887-1889)

Location: Paris, France

France wanted to show off at the World Fair so the Eiffel Tower was created. Elevator took people up into tower which was a huge deal since people couldn't normally go up so high (pre-airplanes, etc). Made of cast iron (very heavy) - great compressive strength, but hardly any tensile strength (not flexible).

Designed by Louis Sullivan (1890-1891)

Location: St. Louis, Missouri

This was the first skyscraper to be built. It allowed for a large workspace in a compact area which was important during the Industrial Revolution (crowded cities). 

New innovations that accompanied the rise of skyscrapers include: steel framework for building, vertical plumbing (restrooms on every floor), heating/ventilation, fireproofing, and elevators.

The act of painting outdoors.
 

Started during Impressionism due to availability of paint in tubes. 

"Olympia"

Who? Edouard Manet

When? 1863 

This painting was also highly controversial due to its unorthodox painting style. The colors are flat with no depth which is aesthetically unpleasing to the eye. In addition to the untraditional painting technique, the prostitute has an insultingly haughty face which makes her seem arrogant. Traditionally, nude women were always alluring with an inviting attitude in their eyes and pose. In this painting, the woman seems to have no interest in the viewer - quite possibly even annoyed. 

"Impression: Sunrise"

Who? Claude Monet

When? 1872

Monet was fascinated with the properties of light and water. He loved how the light reflected off water, and how water painted reflections of images on its surface. He used these ideas and incorporated them into this painting. 

This painting also gave the name to the Impressionism movement.  

"Boulevard des Capucines, Paris"

Who? Claude Monet

When? 1873-1874

I missed this part of class. I don't have any background information on this one. =/ Anyone?

"The Rehearsal of the Ballet on the Stage"

Who? Edgar Degas

When? 1874 

I missed this one too. But I remember her saying something about how it depicts the reality of theater. Instead of portraying the perfect ballet, it shows the ballerinas practicing on the side, warming up, preparing, getting ready, etc. That contributes to the Impressionistic idea of how not everything follows a standard - an ideal.  Shrug.

"Luncheon of the Boating Party"

Who? Pierre- Auguste Renoir

When? 1881

The Industrial Revolution brought about the work week which led to weekends. Weekends allowed people to enjoy leisure activities such as luncheons on boats (as seen in this painting). Having paint available in tubes allowed artists like Renoir to paint outdoors.

She mentioned:

You can tell just by the shadows on the white tablecloth and shirt that this picture was painting outside. How? Because the shadows that are painted are not all black or grey. The shadows are softer, indicating a more uniform source of light. Also, they have other colors incoporated into the shadows because the objects near the white surfaces influence the color of the shadows. All of these characters indicate a natural outdoor light.  

Thick accumulation of paint on a canvas

(as seen in The Starry Night by Van Gogh)

When an artist distorts reality for an emotional effect.

(as seen in The Scream by Munch)

"Mont Sainte-Victoire"

Who? Paul Cezanne

When? 1885-1887

Cezanne wanted to bring structure to paintings unlike what was seen in Impressionism. Therefore, he painted a landscape in a series of geometric shapes. It may seem unstructured, but Cezanne maintained organization by dissolving nature into geometric forms.

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"The Starry Night"

Who? Vincent Van Gogh

When? 1889

Van Gogh uses heavier lines to create edges in this painting. He continues to use linear brushstrokes to create the rest of his painting. Impasto can be seen in this painting, particularly on the moon. The paint is layered very thickly. This painting also shows more emotion than is seen in others. (I don't see it, but that's what Badgett said.)

"The Scream"

Who? Edward Munch

When? 1893

Munch sought to show more emotions in artwork. Existential frustration seems to be the main theme in this painting.  

"Mahana no alua (Day of the God)"

Who? Paul Gauguin

When? 1894

Gauguin paints a picture inspired by his residence in Tahiti. The painting is intentionally obscure to create a sort of fantasy. The different hues of water are exaggerated into big blobs of color.