Term
| Why was David Reimer's story surprising to people at that time? |
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Definition
| Powerful influence of genetics or "hardwired" asprects of sexual identity |
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Term
| What are the 3 sources of nonverbal behaviors according to Ekman and Friesen? Know examples |
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Definition
1. Inherited neurolgical programs
ie:breathing: sign of relief, grief, bored
2.experience common to all members of two species
ie: regardless of culture, the hands are used to place food in the mouth
3. experience that varies with culture, class, family, or individual
ie: manerisms= learned, thumbs up |
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Term
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Definition
| The roots of behaviors in human evolutionary history |
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Term
| What are the 5 perspectives in which we seek evolutionary evidence of nonverbal behaviors? |
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Definition
1. evidence from sensory deprivation- noting the manifestation of a behavior in blind and/or deaf people who could not have learned it through visual or auditory channels
2.Evidence fron neonates- observing behaviors displayed within minutes or hours after birth
3. Evidence from identical twins reared in different envioronemnts - identifying the behavioral similarites of ppl whose gene struture is known to be virtually identical and whose learning enviornment is known to be very different
4.evidence from nonhuman primates- showing an evolutionary continuity of a behavior up to and including our closest relatives, nonhuman privates
5.evidence from muticultural studies- observing the manifestation of similar behaviors used for similar purposes in other cultures around the world, both literate and preliterate. |
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Term
| What does the sensory deprivation research tell us about NV comm. (ie: what do we know about spontaneous expression, turn excahnge, turn exchange, and regulations, & display rules - look at what researchers found?) |
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Definition
| sadness, crying, laughing, smiling, pouting, anger, surprise, and fear are not significantly different in blind/deaf children.Ie; they don't need to see/hear the faces to learn how to do them themselves= part of u when born |
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Term
| What does the evidence from research on infants tell us about NV comm? Is the evidence consistent or mixed? on what issues do researchers disagree? |
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Definition
the evidence is mixed
they disagree on if an infants facial repertoire consist of undifferentiated expressions of arousal and distress, which are then shaped by experience, or is a baby born with biologically based predisosition to display the full repertoire of emotional expressions identified in adults? |
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Term
| What is DET? what examples support and fail to support this theory? |
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Definition
DET= differential emotion theory
proposes a strong genetic basis for facial expressions, and thus emotions would produce the same distinctive facial patterns in both infants and adults.
ie: babies do display the same emotions that adults do for joy, suprise, and interest this does not mean they were experiencing these emotions, they just happen to be expressing the same faces.
infants do not have the same negative expressions as adults such as fear, anger, disgust, and sadness. |
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Term
| what does the research on infant imitation tell us? which emotions can they imitate/recognize? |
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Definition
indicate that the ability to discriminate and imitate happy, sad, and surprised facial expression is one with which children enter their social environment.
9month old can imitate memory after 24 hour delay.
14 months can imitate a sequence of acts after a weeks delay.
ie: they can connect the mouth shape and sound aka: the "ah"comes from the mouth with the lips wide open. |
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Term
| According, to twin studies, how much (% - according to Segal) do genetics influence general intelligence, personality traits, occupational interests and social attitudes? |
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Definition
50% genetic
40% occupational
34% social attitudes |
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Term
| What are the specific examples of twin similarities? Any differences? |
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Definition
| similarities: tone, pitch, talkativness, posture, laughter, walking, head turning, wrist flicking - BODY LANGUAGE |
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Term
| What do the studies of nonhuman primates tell us about how they compare to humans in these areas:similarities in behavior, facial displays, emotional display & expressions (ie: grimace and status) |
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Definition
facial display: "tense-mouth display" shows anger on both huamans and animals
Emotional: along with emotional facial displays both humans and animals will display in other things like tense muscles, raised hair.. |
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Term
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Definition
greeting rituals with the eyes are all the same within infants, adults, animals
behavior is a "stream of activity which, once started, must continue to the end" and that there is a strong possibility of a genetic or inherited program behind it. |
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Term
| What are the two specific behaviors that are widespread use across cultures? know the details and variations of each. |
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Definition
1.eyebrow flash 2.facial expression of emotion
1.eyebrows stay raised for 1/6 of a sec before lowered, often a friendly greeting and/or approval . if saying yes or no both serve the same purpose calling attention to someone or letting somone know they are being looked at. ie: being surpirised
2.studies show that ppl of all cultures find the same expressions mean the same thing, same face fits the same emotion |
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Term
| What did Ekman find about fear and surprise across cultures? |
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Definition
| ppl that are not exposed to the mass media confuse fear and surprise facial expression. |
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Term
| what helps us predict display rules for facial expressions across cultures? |
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Definition
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Term
CH.3
How is NV comm a part of social competence? |
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Definition
Some ppl are more alert to nv cues and better able to identify what these cues mean; some ppl are also better at showing their emotions thru NV comm.
ie: ppl that want to act cool, but u can tell they are acting and being fake.which means NV comm is a skilled that needs to be learned. |
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Term
| How do we develp nonverbal skills (ie: reciprocation, feedback, formal and informal training, etc - know each? |
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Definition
| most of it comes from "on the job training: on the job being daily living. we learn our nv skills by imitating and modeling others and by adapting our responses to the coaching, feedback, and advice from others. |
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Term
| what nonverbal behaviors have been studies for accuracy ( eg: encoding/decoding, group identity, social footpring, etc)? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the thin slice method for studying nonverbal behavior? |
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Definition
| short excerpts from the ongoing stream behavior. this slice can range in length from video of ppl interacting for several minutes down to still facial expressions shown for less than one second, |
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Term
| what are the standardized tests of decoding ability? You only need to know the names and primary differences in what us actually measured. You do NOT need to know details of each test. |
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Definition
PONS- ability to recognize affective or attitudinal states in a situational context. ie:
DANVA-diagnostix analysis of nonverbal accuracy- based on recognition of pure emotions- shown out of context; thus it taps into a more unitary kind of knowledge.
JACBART-sensitivity to micromomentary expressions
IPT- |
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Term
| in general, are ppl accurate at judging others' personalitues when first impressions are brief? |
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Definition
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Term
| what behaviors/ traits do we tend to judge accurately and which are we pretty bad at judging? |
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Definition
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Term
| who is generally better at encoding and decoding NV behaviors men or woman? how do these differences change across age (ie: childhood, shcool age, adulthood, senior citzens) |
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Definition
women.
they increase from kind to 20-30
decrease with age higher than 30 |
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Term
| What specific behaviors women better and worse at decoding? in other words, which behaviors differ between men & women? |
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Definition
facial cues- women
knowing someones lying, when facial expressios are not a serious role in the convoe, anger- males |
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Term
| How does our understanding and use of NV cues cary over our lifespan? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does the ability to decode NV behavior affect atudents in pre- and elementary school (Ie popularity, grades, etc) |
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Definition
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Term
| how does race affect NV decoding ability? |
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Definition
| you judge your own race better than other race do you |
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Term
| how does watching television affect decoding ability? |
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Definition
| children who watch more TV were better at decoding than children who didn't watch that much TV |
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Term
| How do mental status, psychological well-being, social challenges, (ie: autism) and alcohol affect aility to decode NV behaviors? |
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Definition
psychologically messed up ppl can't judge happy cues.
onlu happy not others
abused children had a lower threshold for anger
schizophrenic ppl judge facial expression less accuarate than normal ppl, even on meds
alcohol scores lower on PONS test |
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Term
In terms of NV decoding skills, how do the following varables affect abilities?
lasting qualities (ie physical characteristics)
emotional expressiveness (spontaneous and intentional)
age
male and female & boy and girl
self monitoring and extraversion
husbands and wives |
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Definition
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Term
| How do childhood experiences affect encoding and decoding abilities PG 83-84 |
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Definition
| starts poorly in unexpressive homes but then becomes sharpened cuz child is forced to read not clearly stated cues |
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Term
CH6
in general, what does research show about how children's attractivesness affects teachers judgments of them? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the benefits and drawbacks for ppl who are considered physically attractive? also see your "science of beauty" video notes) |
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Definition
we are favorable of pretty ppl
our behavior toward unattrative ppl is negative |
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Term
| how is our won level of attraction judged differently on with whom we are associated? |
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Definition
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Term
| how important do men and women view physical attraction when it comes to casual and serious dating? |
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Definition
when just dating she has to be hot
when you want to marry there are other things that come into play, so its not such a prioritya |
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Term
| what s the matching hyoethesis? |
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Definition
| you tend to pick someone you want to date that you think is the same level of attrativness to avoid rejection. |
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Term
| what characteristics to we attribute to men and women when there is alarge discrepancy attractiveness between romantic partners? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two physical features in men that are pregerred by women? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two physical features in men that are preferred by women? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does physical attraction affect one's ability to get a job, keep a job, and advance in a job? does it differ for men and women? |
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Definition
assuming u and another person have the same exact qualifications, the better looking person will get the job.
less attractive ppl have more of a chance of being judged harder, unless has high productivity. |
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Term
| when is physical attractiveness not beneficial on the job? |
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Definition
| the higher level of advancement, the ore important it is for a person physical attractivness to be viewed as "task" than "social". because physically attracitve will become the main focus, they dress down. |
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Term
| when is physical acctractiveness beneficial to persuading others? |
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Definition
| pretty ppl can get others to do a quick and one time thing |
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Term
| perceptions of attracticveness are affected by other facots. how do our interaction skill influence our perceptions? how does context affect perceived physical attraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do perceptions of attraction change over our lifetime? how doe being percived as attractive at one stage in life affect us? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is facial beauty related to mathematical averages? do they socially agreed upon "most beautiful" faces have average features or exceptional ones? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does symmetry affect perceptions of facial beauty? |
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Definition
| is thought to be more attractive |
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Term
| how are ppl with baby faces judged pg185 what assumptions are made about then how are they judged in court? what kind of jobs do they get? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 general body types? what is the connection between body type and personality/temperament (or perceived temperament)? |
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Definition
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Term
| in what ways do overweight ppl have to deal with negative treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the hip to waist ratio? what is considered our cultural ideal for women and for men? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is the height related to attractiveness and perceptions of traits? how is height related to status - know examples? how is height related to perceptions of competence? |
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Definition
status-power and prestiage, the taller president usually won. no scietific evidence that height and status go together. woman who studied under another doctor, she thought he was a tall man, turns out he was short, she just assumed he was tall.
Attractivness- taller = more attractive height is an important factor in judging ones attractivness, but not the only thing judged. ie: movie goers are suprided to learn the actor is not as tall as he looks
competence- taller ppl are more likely to get hired for a job, and then placed in leadership roles, make more money, and get better performance evaulations at work.
few diff between shorter and taller cops, shorter were more aggresive & a source of discontent. |
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Term
| where do standards of beauty for body color originate? |
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Definition
| the economically dominant group within society |
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Term
| what are "dirty t-shirt" studies? what do they tell us? |
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Definition
| they tell us we dont like the smell of our families |
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Term
| what are the differences in gay and straight ppl's odor preferences? |
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Definition
gays like gay
straight men dont like gays smell nor do women |
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Term
| how does hair length affect human interactions? just be fimiliar with the examples- you don't need to memorize these- they will just help you understand the concept. |
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Definition
men are not allowed to have hair past their ears, or else picked on like black ppl were
women should not have hair |
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Term
| what types of hair result in negative reactions for men and women? |
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Definition
| long for men, short for women |
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Term
| what other types of body hair affect our perceptions (ie: eyeborwn hair, mustaches, etc) and how are those perceptions affected? |
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Definition
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Term
| what affect does our clothing have on our comm and conflcit pg205 - you will not be tested over 201-204 |
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Definition
clothing communicates something about the wearer, clothes can encourage, or discourage comm behaviors, clothing can make you feel better about sticking out to/from others
black on sports teams leads to more penalities, |
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Term
| know the section on clothing and personality. what are the four dimensions and what characteristics with high and low males and females for each dimension? |
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Definition
1. clothing consciousness (the ppl i know always notice what i wear")
high males- gaurded, dont value beauty, think ppl are easily manipulate
high ladies- anxious, compliant before authority,kind, symathetic, loyal
low males- aggresive, independent, didnt think ppl were easily manipulated
low ladies- forceful, independent, low motivation to be with a man
2.exhibitionism ( i approve of skimpy bathing suits and wouldn't mind wearing one myself")
high males- aggressive
high females- high opinon of self worth and beliefs
low males - guarded about self
low females- timid, scincere, had feelings of inferiority.
3.practicality ("when buying clothes, i am more interested in practical than beauty")
high males- catious, rebellious, low motivation to make friends, or gain recgonition from authorities
high ladies- clever, confident, guarded about self, feelings of superiority, but did not want to lead
low males- success oriented, mature, tried to predict others
low females- self-centered, independent, detached
4.Designer (i should love to buy designer clothes)
high males- cooperative, warm, helpful, they worried about their behavior and wanted to be accepted by others
high ladies- irrational, stereotypical thinking,
low males- adventourous, egotistic, anxious. feelings of superirority, didnt care about having friends
low females- efficient, clear thinking, easily disorgaiznied under pressure, negative about future job |
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Term
| ch 9 what are facial emblems? what are synactic displays and semantic displays? |
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Definition
facial emblems- sender is trying to talk about an emotion while indicating he or she is not actually feeling it
synactic display- act as markers, they are visible punctuation for words and clauses
semantic display- facial actions made by the speaker that are directly connected with the content of what is being talked about |
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Term
| what are display rules? what are deintensified affect, neutralizing feelings, etc? |
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Definition
deintensified affect- strong surprise was made to look like mild surprise ie: the teacher telling the kid he is working harder than he is
neutralzing; the poker player - no emotion at all |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are microexpressions? what does the study describe in the middle of PG300 say? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the connection between felt emotions and facial displays? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are "loosley coupled" emotions? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is motor mimicry also described in ch7 |
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Definition
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Term
| how did Eckman and Friesen develop FACS - how is it used? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a Duschenne (felt/genuine) smile?what are masking smiles? among Gold, silver, and bronze olympic metal winners, who shows the most Duschenne smiles? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the six basic emotions and which are judged more accurately than others? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is Paul Eckamsn study in New Guinea tell us about universal emotions? what does his research tell us about primary and secondary emotions? what seventh emotion was added to the universal motion list? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the "in group advantage?" what are emotion dialects? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are internalizers and externalizers? what are learned factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the facial feedback hypothesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| how are smiles different in depressed ppl? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do we know about subliminal facial expressions? pg 325 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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