Term
| What are the studies for attachment? |
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Definition
Lorenz - Imprinting
Harlow - Rhesus monkeys
Schaffer - Longitudinal study
Ainsworth - Strange situation
Van Ijzendoorn - Cross cultural
Melzoff and Moore - Infant-carer interaction
Murray and Trevarthen - Infant-carer interaction |
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Term
| What are the studies for deprivation? |
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Definition
Robertson and Robertson - hospital study
Bowlby - 44 thieves
Goldfarb - Institutionalised children |
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Term
| What are the studies for privation? |
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Definition
Tizard and Hodges - ex-institutional children
Curtiss - Genie
Kolochova - Czech twins
Rutter - Romanian orphans |
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Term
| What are the studies for later relationships? |
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Definition
Selman and Jaquette - stages of friendship
Bigelow and La Gaipa - stages of friendship
Beneson - Differences between genders
Lever - Differences between genders
Dodge - Rejection
Vaughn and Langlois - Attractiveness and popularity
Kupersmidt and Coie - Consequences of rejection |
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Term
| What is the Lorenz study? |
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Definition
| Geese imprint (form an attachment rapidly) within the first 17 hours after hatching |
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Term
| What is the Lorenz study evidence for? |
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Definition
- For the biological explanation for attachment
- It influenced Bowlby to study the critical period in which attachment must form |
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Term
| What is the Harlow study? |
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Definition
| Separated Rhesus monkeys used cloth mother as safe base over mother with food |
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Term
| What is the Harlow study evidence for? |
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Definition
- Against the behaviourist approach to attachment (food is primary reinforcer)
- Against Bowlby's hypothesis that infants attach to carers who feed them |
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Term
| What is the Schaffer study? |
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Definition
| Longitudinal study of 60 infants from 0-18 months. Separation behaviours monitored |
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Term
| What is the Schaffer study evidence for? |
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Definition
- Against the behaviourist approach to attachment (food is primary reinforcer)
- Against Bowlby's hypothesis that infants attach to carers who feed them |
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Term
| What is the Ainsworth study? |
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Definition
| Strange situation - Controlled observation of reactions of baby when mother leaves and when they are left with a stranger |
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Term
| What is the Ainsworth study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -Identifies the type of attachment (secure, anxious-avoidant and anxious-resistant) |
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Term
| What is the Van Ijzendoorn study? |
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Definition
Meta-analysis of strange situation in 8 countries
- secure attachment type is universally most common but there are cultural differences in other styles |
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Term
| What is the Van Ijzendoorn study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -Evaluation of strange situation eg generalisability |
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Term
| What is the Melzoff and Moore study? |
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Definition
| Babies of only a few days/weeks old will imitate adult behaviour |
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Term
| What is the Melzoff and Moore study evidence for? |
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Definition
Infants are born with pre programmed social skills
-Role of caregiver-infant interaction - imitation
-Biological explanation of attachment |
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Term
| What is the Murray and Trevarthen study? |
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Definition
| Observation of a mother interacting with their child. When the mother stops interacting the child becomes frustrated and try to re-engage |
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Term
| What is the Murray and Trevarthen study evidence for? |
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Definition
Infants are born with pre programmed social skills.
-Role of caregiver-infant interaction - interaction synchrony
-Biological explanation of attachment |
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Term
| What is the Robertson and Robertson study? |
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Definition
| Babies separated from their mothers due to hospitalisation were studied. They were found to have the same pattern of behaviour - Protest, despair, dettachment |
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Term
| What is the Robertson and Robertson study evidence for? |
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Definition
-The short term effects of deprivation
-Hospital protocol was changed due to the research |
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Term
| What is the Bowlby study? |
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Definition
44 delinquent thieves compared with other juveniles with emotional problems.
14/44 had affectionless psychopathy
12/44 had experienced separation from mothers in first two years of life |
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Term
| What is the Bowlby study evidence for? |
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Definition
-Long term effects of deprivation
-Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis
-Used to explain delinquency (forensic psychology) |
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Term
| What is the Goldfarb study into the effects of deprivation? |
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Definition
| 15 children raised in institutions from 6 months to 3.5 years compared to matched children who went straight into foster homes. At age 3, 10 and 14, institutionalised group underperformed in IQ tests |
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Term
| What is the Goldfarb study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -Long term effects of deprivation |
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Term
| What is the Tizard and Hodges study? |
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Definition
Ex institutional children who had been adopted or returned to parents were compared.
Adopted children did better but both had difficulties forming relationships with peers |
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Term
| What is the Tizard and Hodges study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -Long term effects of privation |
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Term
| What is the Curtiss study? |
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Definition
Studied Genie
-severely deprived and neglected
-never properly recovered
-Language skills never developed |
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Term
| What is the Curtiss study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -Long term effects of privation |
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Term
| What is the Kolochova study? |
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Definition
Studied Czech twins
-kept in cellar by stepmother for 5 years
-No negative long term effects
-so poor early circumstances can be successfully overcome
-Different to Genie because they were together during neglect |
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Term
| What is the Kolochova study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -Long term effects of privation |
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Term
| What is the Rutter study into effects of privation? |
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Definition
| Studied Romanian orphans who had very poor institutional care before being adopted in UK -Children adopted before 6 months old had no negative effects -Children adopted between 6 and 24 months had IQs that were 15 points lower -Children adopted between 24 and 42 months had IQs that were 25 points lower |
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Term
| What is the Rutter study evidence for? |
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Definition
-Long term effects of privation
-Support for critical period hypothesis |
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Term
| What is the Selman and Jaquette study into age differences in friendship? |
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Definition
| Interviews of 225 4-32 year-olds -5 stages of friendship identified 3-7 - Play together 4-9 - Some help given 6-12 - Reciprocal help 9-15 - Intimacy and sharing 12-adult - Interdependency |
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Term
| What is the Selman and Jaquette study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -Identifying stages of relationships and at what age the stage takes place |
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Term
| What is the Bigelow and La Gaipa study into age differences in friendship? |
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Definition
| Content analysis of children's (aged 6-14) stories about friendships -3 stages of friendship identified 7-8 - Reward/Cost (friend lived nearby and has common tastes) 9-10 - Normative (friends with those who share values) 11-12 - empathetic (understanding and sharing of info about self) |
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Term
| What is the Bigelow and La Gaipa study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -Identifying stages of relationships and at what age the stage takes place |
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Term
| What is the Beneson study? |
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Definition
Looked at social networks of friendships using sociogram/interviews with children
-Boys have more extensive networks and interested in group status
-Girls have smaller, more intimate cliques and focus on two person relationships |
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Term
| What is the Beneson study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -Gender differences in later relationships |
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Term
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Definition
Interviewed 10 year olds about friendship attitudes
-Girls like single best friend
-Girls openly show affection
-Girls worry about friendship ending
-Girls share personal info, boys share group rules
-Girls less likely to let someone else into the group |
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Term
| What is the Lever study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -Gender differences in later relationships |
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Term
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Definition
Observed 5 year olds playing a game involving others joining in
-Popular children watched and waited to join in, making positive statements about the group, are co-operative and interact a lot with others
-Rejected children interrupted and disrupted game, are argumentative, talkative and don't co-operate
-Rejected children don't play in socially appropriate ways |
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Term
| What is the Dodge study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -The reason for popularity and rejection |
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Term
| What is the Vaughn and Langlois study? |
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Definition
Studied 59 pre-school children using sociograms
-Significant correlation between ratings of physical attractiveness and popularity (most noticeable for girls) |
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Term
| What is the Vaughn and Langlois study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -The reason for popularity and rejection |
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Term
| What is the Kupersmidt and Coie (longitudinal) study into the outcomes of rejection? |
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Definition
| 7 year longitudinal study of 112 children -Children identified as rejected at age 11: 15% more likely to truant/drop out from school at 18 30% more likely to be in trouble with police at 18 -aggression as a child is best predictor of negative outcomes |
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Term
| What is the Kupersmidt and Coie study evidence for? |
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Definition
| -Effects of being rejected by peers as child |
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