Term
| Rat maternal behavior: MPOA lesion |
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Definition
Female rats with MPOA lesions dont show appetitive or consummatory maternal behaviors.
Fos protein is found accumulated in MPOA of female rats following maternal behavior
if you inject oxytocin into MPOA you increase pup acceptance
Oxytocin binds to receptors in MPOA |
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Term
| knife cut thru MPOA ---brainstem |
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Definition
| stops all maternal behaviors |
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Term
Inject flupenthixol (dopamine receptor blocker) bilaterally into
A) nucleus accumbens
B) dorsomedial striatum (DMS)
C) LV |
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Definition
A) flupenthixol (DA receptor blocker) in nucleus accumbens resulted in loss of appetitive maternal behaviors but facilitated nursing.
B and C) had no effect on maternal behavior |
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Term
| Injection of D1 receptor blocker SCH 23390 into accumbens shell |
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Definition
| decreases appetitive but not consummatory aspects of maternal behavior |
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Term
| contralateral NAcc and VP lesion compared to ipsilateral lesions |
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Definition
| ipsilateral lesions had no effect on maternal behavior, whereas contralateral VP and NAcc lesion showed deficit in pup retrieval behavior. |
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Term
| Schultz: learning in monkeys |
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Definition
DA neurons fire when unexpected reward occurs, DA generates error signal which alters neuronal connections
unexpected reward causes simultaneous firing of 80% of Dopamine neurons projecting to NAcc and DS, depolarization from error signal causes Glutamate release and LTP |
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Term
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Definition
| D1/D2 agonist potentiates MSN spike rate in NAcc. The rewarding stimuli evoke phasic firing of DA cell bodies inducing an "UP" state. High DA enhances the ability of glutamate acting at AMPA and NMDA receptors to establish lasting connections (LTP), with tonic DA firing modulating |
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Term
| AP-5 NMDA receptor antagonist in NAcc |
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Definition
| retards food reward by bar press learning. After drug is taken away they will still learn but slower because any previous training didnt stick. graph where AP-5 shifted right (longer time) |
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Term
| Partner preference with Oxtocin receptor antagonist |
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Definition
| in NAcc and prelimbic cortex, antagonist will block partner preference formation, but have no effect on act of mating |
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Term
| Stimulate the Preferant Pathway affect after tetanic stimulus and then one single stimulus. |
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Definition
see epsps (subthreshold) in dentre gyrus (hippcampus)
2. give tetanizing stimulus
3. dumps glutamate onto granule cells
4. Give single pulse again
-EPSP that results in larger and stays on for longer
(UP STATE: reason is LTP, AMPA is depolarized causes Mg to pop out of NMDA, Ca Na come into cell causing more AMPA to be added into membrane, so next response is larger! |
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Term
| Frontal lobe functioning and behavioral disinhibition |
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Definition
damasio: reported that adults who sustain prefrontal damage tend to make decisions even if they know they are immoral they just go ahead and do it. children on the other hdand, dont appear to develop the moral sense, they do things there peers would consider immoral but they dont see it that way.
Also evidence that violent criminals do worse on cognitive tests that tap into frontal lobe functioning |
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Term
| Mishkin: object alternation tests with frontal lobe damage |
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Definition
Spatial and object alternation
Object alternation: have two clearly different objects, under one object is peanut, they pick up one object, drop panel. set up again, peanut alternates objects or
Spatial alternation: identical object but alternating peanut left or right object. Pretrained monkeys are really good at these things, if you take out wholee frontal lobe they are terrible at both tests. If you take out dorsolateral prefrontal they only had problems with spatial alternation, if you take our orbital frontal they had problems with both.
LOOKED like behavioral disinhibition: couldnt get away from picking the most recently rewarded alternation. |
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Term
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Definition
| confirmed where damage produces generalized loss of behavioral inhibition (phineas gage) |
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Term
| In rat remove prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
shows behavioral disinhibition
If you have two levers one on right and one on left, alternatingly will give food pellet
you get perseverate responding in rats with no prefrontal cortex. |
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Term
| Raine 2000, hypofrontality |
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Definition
patients from LA Temp office, gave battery of personality test and MRIs
- 11% less gray matter in frontal lobe of individuals with antisocial personality disorder. |
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Term
| male mice will nose poke for intruder: Is violence rewarding? |
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Definition
Male mice will nose poke an average of 5x for the presentation of an intruder for 6 sec.
-injecting dopamine receptor blockers decreases nose pokes
- SCH23390 blocks D1 receptor
sulpiride blocks D2 DA receptors
the suppression of nose poke behavior was greater than overall locomotor activity suppression.
Block reward attained by delivering intruder. |
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Term
| Bucholz: Human study with facilitated DA release by amphetamine in NAcc and correlation with personality |
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Definition
Gave psychopathic personality inventory (PPI), then used Pet Scan to look at the amount of fallypride displacement (fallypride is a DA receptor antagnoist, competes with persons own DA). Cause change from baseline by giving amphetamine.
Found significant correlation the higher the persons impulsivity score the higher the dopamine release provoked by amphetamine, The DA system was more responsive as measured by DA release. |
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Term
| FMRI correlation with PPI during monetary reward anticipation in accumbens |
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Definition
| FMRI looks at BOLD signal, reported a positive correlation between blood oxygenation level in the accumbens as elicited by monetary reward anticipation (appetitive system) and the impulsive-antisocial score (more active) |
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Term
| Ledoux: pavlovian fear conditioning Tone with footshock |
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Definition
| showed that tone goes thru auditory thalamus projects to LA and auditory cortex also projects to LA as does somatosensory thalamus and cortex from foot shock. The LA--BLA--CE which projects to Central Gray (freezing), Lateral hypothalamus (blood pressure), Paraventricular nucleus (hormone release) |
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Term
| Davis: fear potentiated startle |
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Definition
| showed that lesioning the bilateral amygdala you get rid of potentiated startle but not regular startle. No induced fear state by light. Tone by itself will not turn on whole pathway, footshock will, but tone with footshock becomes conditioned stimulus and will turn on whole pathway. |
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Term
| Davis: gave drug that lowered anxiety |
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Definition
| decrease fear potentiated startle, would no longer care about light. So only normal startle would occur. Auditory startle is programmed into brainstem so it will still occur, just not be potentiated by light induced fear state. You can train them before or after lesion |
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Term
| linking together of conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| This link is believed to occur by LTP: within the basolateral amygdala you have the unconditioned stimulus (footshock) and the conditioned stimulus which is the tone connected by LTP. The tone now triggers whole fear response. |
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Term
| if you give NMDA blocker into BLA before session with light and footshock |
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Definition
the rat gets startled but not potentiated startle because LTP does not occur.
if you wait till after you trained them to put in the NMDA blocker then potentiation does occur because LTP has already happened. |
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Term
| The basolateral amygdala connection |
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Definition
| the BLA sends glutamate releasing axons to the Nucleus accumbens: a path responsible for appetitive aspects of behavior. BLA probably has some cells responsible for appetitive/reward and other set of cells involved in fear and anxiety. |
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Term
| barbituates, alcohol, and benzodiazopines |
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Definition
| facilitate GABAergic transmission within the brain fear/anxiety system and inhibit firing in this system: acting as an anxiolytic. |
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Term
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Definition
| insular cortex: MRI shows that when people see individuals they dont like, the same area of the brain lights up as when they smell garbage. |
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Term
| Study showing fearful faces vs conditioned fear with MRI |
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Definition
| MRI showed that the same regions of the brain are activated by seeing fearful faces as by conditioned fear response. |
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Term
| Extinction of Fear response |
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Definition
if you pair a neutral stimulus (light or tone) with aversive event (footshock) you will make the neutral stimulus aversive (conditioned stimulus).
Then if you present the neutral stimulus several times with no aversive stimulus, you will see extinction of the response to conditioned stimulus, kind of suppression of fear/anxiety.
However if you wait some time after extinction the response will reappear. Response is then due to behavior inhibition rather than unlearning. There is a new memory formed that competes with the old memory-- must be brain areas that work to drive down fear from conditioned stimulus |
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Term
| prelimbic cortex involved in recall extinction |
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Definition
| study by Quirk: shows that lesioning the prelimbic prefrontal cortex interfere with the recall of extinction the next day. These data suggest that extinction induced potentiation of prelimbic prefrontal cortex activity is necessary for lowered fear after extinction. |
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Term
| Inhibition of fear response in rats |
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Definition
| Thinking is that connections from the prefrontal cortex to the amygdala modulate the responsiveness of the amygdala to stimuli, particularly conditioned stimuli that produce fear/anxiety. |
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Term
| NMDA receptor antagonist on extinction |
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Definition
| Extinction appears to be a form of learning as well because NMDA antagonist retards extinction of fear potentiated startle, but has no effect once extinction has already occured. |
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Term
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Definition
| works at NMDA receptors to facilitate formation of LTP, with this drug it requires fewer sessions of conditioned stimulus with no aversive event to see extinction of behavior (used during PTSD exposure therapy. |
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Term
| MRI (CBF) in depressed patients |
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Definition
| activation in amygdala and orbital frontal cortex, there is greater amygdala volume in depressed patients compared to control patients with only left amygdala volume difference showing significance. |
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Term
| Hairi showed fearful faces and looked at amygdala activation of people with different serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms |
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Definition
| found that people with the less reactive serotonin transporter were actually more prone to depression even tho SSRIs treat depression and anxiety |
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Term
| After volume correction blood flow increases in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in depressed people |
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Definition
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Term
| Sheline: correlation between days depressed in life and hippocampus volume |
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Definition
There is an almost linear relationship between hippcampal volume and days depressed. As the number of days depressed increases, hippocampal volume decreases
PROBLEM: did these individuals hippcampus shrink from being depressed, or did they start out with smaller hippocampus making them more vulnerable to depression? Cant tell in humans- in rats it appears that the hippcampus does shrink in response to forced stress. |
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Term
| what do antidepressants do if they dont modulate dopamine? |
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Definition
| antidepressants protect you from the depression inducing effect of stressors |
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