The tendon is attached to ____________, a specialized connective tissue covering all bones; any contraction of the muscle pulls on the tendon and, in turn, the bone.

1.      Epimysium

2.     Perimysium

3.     Bone periosteum

4.     Muscle fiber

1.      Epimysium

2.     Perimysium

3.     Bone periosteum

4.     Muscle fiber

The __________ is continuous with the tendons at the ends of the muscle.

1.      Perimysium

2.     Epimysium

3.     Bone periosteum

4.     Muscle fiber

1.      Perimysium

2.     Epimysium

3.     Bone periosteum

4.     Muscle fiber

Limb muscles have two attachments to bone: __________ (closer to the trunk) and __________ (farther from the trunk).

1.      Superior and inferior

2.     Proximal and distal

3.     Distal and proximal

4.     Inferior and superior

1.      Superior and inferior

2.     Proximal and distal

3.     Distal and proximal

4.     Inferior and superior

The two attachments of trunk muscles are termed _________ (closer to the head) and ____________ (closer to the feet).

1.      Superior and inferior

2.     Proximal and distal

3.     Distal and proximal

4.     Inferior and superior

1.      Superior and inferior

2.     Proximal and distal

3.     Distal and proximal

4.     Inferior and superior

Traditionally, the _________ of the muscle is defined as its proximal (toward the center of the body) attachment, and the __________ is defined as its distal (away from the center of the body) attachment.

1.      Superior and inferior

2.     Origin and insertion

3.     Inferior and superior

4.     Insertion and origin

1.      Superior and inferior

2.     Origin and insertion

3.     Inferior and superior

4.     Insertion and origin

Under the epimysium the muscle fibers are grouped in bundles called _______________.

1.      Sarcolemma

2.     Endomysium

3.     Fasciculi

4.     Perimysium

1.      Sarcolemma

2.     Endomysium

3.     Fasciculi

4.     Perimysium

The junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates is called the motor end plate or, more often, the ___________________.

1.      Motor unit

2.     Sarcoplasm

3.     Myofibrils

4.     Neuromuscular junction

1.      Motor unit

2.     Sarcoplasm

3.     Myofibrils

4.     Neuromuscular junction

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates are called a _____________.

1.      Motor unit

2.     Neuromuscular junction

3.     A-Band

4.     I-Band

1.      Motor unit

2.     Neuromuscular junction

3.     A-Band

4.     I-Band

These protrude away from the myosin filament at regular intervals.

1.      Sarcomere

2.     Cross-bridges

3.     T-tubules

4.     Reticulum

1.      Sarcomere

2.     Cross-bridges

3.     T-tubules

4.     Reticulum

Myosin and actin filaments are organized longitudinally in the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle, the _____________.

1.      Cross-bridges

2.     Sarcomere

3.     A-Band

4.     I-band

1.      Cross-bridges

2.     Sarcomere

3.     A-Band

4.     I-band

 Sliding-filament theory

This theory states that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber.

What gives muscle the dark and light coloring pattern?

1.      Z-line and H-zone

2.     T-tubules

3.     A-bands and I-bands

4.     The triad

1.      Z-line and H-zone

2.     T-tubules

3.     A-bands and I-bands

4.     The triad

Name the four stages of a muscle contraction

1.      Resting phase

2.     Contraction phase

3.     Recharge phase

4.     Relaxation phase

What chemical is barely released in order to create the resting phase of a muscle contraction?

1.      Calcium

The amount of force produced by a muscle at any instant in time is directly related to the number of ______________ bound to actin filaments cross-sectionally at the instant in time.

1.      Myosin cross-bridge heads

The energy for cross bridge flexion comes from hydrolysis (breakdown) of _____________ to _____________ and phosphate, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme myosin adenosine triphosphatase.

1.      Adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate.

______________ and _____________ are necessary for myosin cross bridge with actin filaments.

1.      Troponin and tropomyosin

2.     Acetylcholine and ADP

3.     Calcium and ATP

1.      Troponin and tropomyosin

2.     Acetylcholine and ADP

3.     Calcium and ATP

Explain the relationship of motor units and the use of muscle fibers and muscle control

1.      Muscles that need precise muscle precision contain more motor units such as eye muscles as compared to muscles that don’t need as much precision such as skeletal muscles that will have fewer motor units.

Describe the all-or-none theory

1.      All of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the same time. There is no such thing as a motor neuron stimulus that causes only some of the fibers to contract. Similar to firing a gun, that when enough force is created the bullet was fired completely and not partially.

With muscle fiber types, a common term to classify them is according to twitch time employing the terms

1.      Slow twitch and fast twitch fiber.

List the three types of muscle fibers from (slow twitch) first to the two (fast twitch fibers).

1.      Type I

2.     Type IIa

3.     Type IIb

Type I muscle fiber type characteristics

1.      Small motor neuron size

2.     Slow nerve conduction velocity

3.     Slow contraction speed

4.     Slow relaxation speed

5.     High fatigue resistance

6.     Low force production

7.     Low power output

8.     High endurance

9.     High aerobic enzyme content

10.   Low anaerobic enzyme content

11.    High capillary density

12.   High myoglobin content

13.   High mitochondria size/density

14.   Small fiber diameter

15.   Red color

Type IIa muscle fiber type characteristics

1.      Large motor neuron size

2.     Fast nerve conduction velocity

3.     Fast contraction speed

4.     Fast relaxation speed

5.     Intermediate/low fatigue resistance

6.     Intermediate force production

7.     Intermediate/high power output

8.     Intermediate/low endurance

9.     Intermediate/low aerobic enzyme content

10.   High anaerobic content

11.    Intermediate capillary density

12.   Low myoglobin content

13.   Intermediate mitochondria size-density

14.   Intermediate fiber diameter

15.   White/red color

Type IIx muscle fiber type characteristics

1.      Large motor neuron size

2.     Fast nerve conduction velocity

3.     Fast contraction speed

4.     Fast relaxation speed

5.     Low fatigue resistance

6.     High force production

7.     High power output

8.     Low endurance

9.     Low aerobic content

10.   High anaerobic content

11.    Low capillary density

12.   Low myoglobin content

13.   Low mitochondria size-density

14.   Large fiber diameter

15.   White color

To which of the following structures do the cross-bridges attach to during muscle action?

1. actin
2. myosin
3. M-bridge
4. sarcolemma

1. actin
2. myosin
3. M-bridge
4. sarcolemma

Which of the following substances regulates muscle action?

1. potassium
2. calcum
3. troponin
4. tropomyosin

1. potassium
2. calcum
3. troponin
4. tropomyosin

Which of the following substances acts at the neuromuscular junction to excite the muscle fibers of a motor unit?

1. acetylcholine
2. ATP
3. creatine phosphate
4. serotonin

1. acetylcholine
2. ATP
3. creatine phosphate
4. serotonin

Which of the following muscle fiber types is the MOST beneficial for a marathon runner?

1. type I
2. type IIa
3. type IIx
4. type IIc

1. type I
2. type IIa
3. type IIx
4. type IIc

When throwing a baseball, an athlete’s arm is rapidly stretched just prior to throwing the ball. Which of the following structures detects and responds to that stretch by reflexively increasing muscle activity?

1. golgi tendon organ
2. muscle spindle
3. extrafusal muscle
4. pacinian corpuscle

1. golgi tendon organ
2. muscle spindle
3. extrafusal muscle
4. pacinian corpuscle

From which of the following is the heart’s electrical impulse normally initiated?

1. AV node
2. SA node
3. the brain
4. the sympathetic nervous system

1. AV node
2. SA node
3. the brain
4. the sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following occurs during the QRS complex of a typical ECG?

I.                   depolarization of the atrium

II.                repolarization of the atrium

III.            repolarization of the ventricle

IV.               depolarization of the ventricle

a.       I and III only

b.       II and IV only

c.       I, II, and III only

d.       II, III, and IV only

a.       I and III only

b.       II and IV only

c.       I, II, and III only

d.       II, III, and IV only