Term
Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) Syndrome
Signs And Symptoms |
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Definition
* Paralysis of the contralateral face, arm and leg
* Sensory deficits of the contralateral face, arm, and leg
* Aphasia, if the dominant hemisphere is invovled
* Apraxia, agnosia, and unilateral neglect, if the nondominant hemisphere is involved
* Homonymous hemianopsia |
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Term
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Syndrome
Description |
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Definition
* MCA is the most common of all cerebral occlusions
*IF the main stem of MCA is occluded, a massive infarction of most of the hemisphere results.
* Initially, there may be vomiting and a rapid onset of coma, which may last a few weeks
* Cerebral edema is extensive |
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Term
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Syndrome
Signs And Symptoms |
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Definition
*Hemiplegia (involving face and arm on the contralateral side; the leg is spared or has fewer deficits than the arm)
* Sensory deficits (same area as hemiplegia)
* Aphasia (Global aphasia if the dominant hemisphere is involved)
* Homonymous hemianopsia |
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Term
| Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Syndrome Description |
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Definition
| * ACA is least often occluded * If occlusion occurs proximal to a patent anterior communicating artery (ACom), the blood supply maybe compromised * If occlusion is distal or if the ACom artery is inadequate, there will be infarction of the medial aspect of one frontal lobe * Bilateral medial frontal lobe infarction occurs if one ACA is occluded and the other artery is small and dependent on blood flow |
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Term
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Syndrome
Signs And Symptoms |
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Definition
* Paralysis of contralateral foot and leg (foot drop is consistent finding)
* Impaired gait
* Sensory loss over toes, foot, and leg
* Abulia (slowness and prolonged delays to perform acts voluntarily or to respond)
* Flat affect, lack of spontaneity, slowness, distracibility, and lack of interest in surroundings
* Cognitive impairment, such as perseveration and amnesia
* Urinary incontinence
* Note that aphasia and hemianopsia are NOT part of the syndrome |
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Term
Vertebral Artery Syndrome
Description |
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Definition
* Occlusion of vessels within the vertebrobasilar system produces unique syndromes
* Vertebral and basilar arteries and their branches supply the brainstem and cerebellum
* Posterior cerebral arteries are the terminal branches of the basilar artery and supply the medial temporal and occipital lobes, as well as part of the corpus callosum |
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Term
Vertebral Artery Syndrome
Signs And Symptoms |
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Definition
* Wallenberg's Syndrome (lateral medullary syndrome)
* Dizziness
* Nystagmus
* Dysphagia and dysarthria
* Pain in face, nose or eye
* Ipsilateral numbness and weakness of face
* Staggering gait and ataxia
* Clumsiness |
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Term
Basilar Artery (BA) Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms |
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Definition
* Quadriplegia
*Possibly "locked-in" Syndrome
* Weakness of facial, lingual, and pharyngeal muscles |
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Term
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) Syndrome
Discription |
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Definition
| Occlusion of the AICA is also known as the lateral inferior pontine syndrome |
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Term
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) Syndrome
Signs And Symptoms |
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Definition
* Vertigo
* Nausea and Vomiting
* Nystagmus
-Ipsilateral Side-
*Paresis of lateral conjugate gaze
*Horner's Syndrome
*Cerebellar signs(ataxia, nystagmus)
-Contralateral Side-
*Impaired pain and temperature sensation in trunk and limbs (may also involve face) |
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Term
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) Syndrome (also called Wallenberg's Syndrome)
Description |
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Definition
| *PICA involves the lateral portion of the medulla as a results of the occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery |
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Term
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) Syndrome (also called Wallenberg's Syndrome)
Signs And Symptoms |
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Definition
* Nausea and Vomiting
* Dysphagia and dysarthria
* Horizontal nystagmus
* Ipsilateral Horner's syndrome
* Cerebllar signs (ataxia and vertigo)
* Loss of pain and temperature sensation on contralateral side of trunk and limbs |
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Term
Posterior Cerebral artery (PCA) Syndrome
Description |
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Definition
* If superficial occlusion (peripheral areas) of a PCA is involved, contralateral homonymous hemianopsia is seen
* If penetrating branches (cetnral areas) are occluded, the cerebral peduncle, thalamus and upper brainstem are involved
* There is wide variations in the manifestation of the syndrome |
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Term
Posterior Cerebral artery (PCA) Syndrome
Peripheral Area
Signs And Symptoms |
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Definition
Peripheral Area
* Homonymous hemianopsia
* Memory deficits
* Perseveration
* Several visual deficits (cortical blindness, lack of depth perception, failure to see objects not centrally located, visual hallucinations) |
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Term
Posterior Cerebral artery (PCA) Syndrome
Central Area
Signs And Symptoms |
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Definition
Central Area
*If the thalamus is involved, sensory loss of all modalities, spontaneous pain, intentional tremors, and mild hemiparesis
* If the cerebral peduncle is invovled, Weber's syndrome (oculomotor nerve palsy with contralateral hemiphlegia)
* If the brainstem is involved, deficits invovling conjugate gaze, nystagmus, and pupilary abnormalities, with other possible symptoms of ataxia and postural tremors |
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Term
Deep Cortical Syndromes
Description |
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Definition
* Four syndromes are associated with intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke
* In addition to altered LOC (Confusion to coma), headache, nausea, vomiting, nuchal rigidity, HTN, and bradycardia related to increased ICP, each syndrome has its own distinguishing characteristic |
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Term
Deep Cortical Syndromes
Putamen Hemorrhage (often involves internal capsule)
Signs and Symptoms |
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Definition
* Contralateral hemiplegia
* Contralateral hemisensory deficits
* Hemianopsia
* Slurred Speech |
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Term
Deep Cortical Syndromes
Thalamic Hemorrhage
Signs And Symptoms |
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Definition
* Contralateral hemiplegia
* Contralateral hemisensory deficits
* Deficits of veritical and lateral gaze |
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Term
Deep Cortical Syndromes
Pontine Hemorrhage
Signs and Symptoms |
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Definition
* "locked-in" syndrome
* deficits in lateral eye movement |
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Term
Deep Cortical Syndromes
Cerebellar Hemorrhage
Signs and Symptoms |
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Definition
* Occipital Headache
* Dizziness
* Ataxia
* Vertigo |
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