A set of intimate and personal relationships

can be legal or extralegal

Nuclear and extended families

*Function of family

-governs reproduction and child-rearing

-provides economic support

-meets emotional needs

*Traditional family style no longer universal

*"never been marrieds"

*only 18%=stereotypical profile of husband, wife, two children

*Boomerang children move back with parents

*Marriage

*Cohabitation

*Divorce

*Single-parent families

*Gay and lesbian families

The Effective Family

-Jane Howard (1978) characteristics

1.) Chief

2.)Switchboard Operator

3.)Members have relationships both inside and outside the family

4.)They are hospitable

5.)They deal squarely with direness

6.)They prize rituals

7.)They are affectionate

8.)They have a sense of place

9.)They connect with posterity

10.)They honor their elders

Family Stressors

*Single-parent family

* 81% headed by women (2006)

*Child care, career, parenting, relationships

Family Stressors

Dual-career family

*Child care, career, parenting, marriage

*Sharing responsibility (70:30 housework ratio)

Family Stressors

Mobility

Family Stressors

Same Sex Couples and Families

*Homophobia

*Having children (adoption, insemination)

*educating/preparing children

Family Stressors

Divorce

*Co-parenting

*children: rules, loyalty

Family Stressors

Children

*Change=stress

*Children are constantly changing physically, emotionally, intellectually

Family Stressors

Parent child relationship

*Bonding:love, acceptance, pre-teen

*Detachment: Independence, friends, teen

*Reunion: established, re bond, post teen

*Will we have children? How many? when?

*Birth control: whose responsible, convenience and rist

*Fertility issues

*Adoption: closed and open

*Child abuse and neglect

-children age 0-3 at highest risk

-substance abuse/dependence, finances, lack parenting skill and education

-Recovery, parenting, attachment and financial resources

Family Violence

Domestic/partner violence

*1/3 of women experience physical/sexual abuse by a partner

*50% of DV incidents are reported to police

*Boys who witness DV are twice as likely to abuse partner/children

Domestic/Partner Violence

Perpetrators

*Low self-esteem

*Strict traditional sex role expectations

*Abusive family backgrounds

*Substance abuse

*External locus of control

Domestic/Partner violence

DV Cycle

*Abuse incidence

*Honeymoon Phase

*Building Tension

*Unemployment

*Minimum wage, no health benefits

*Debt

*New wealth

Financial Stressors

Interventions

*Identify income/expenses

*Develop a budget (saving pay debt)

*Separate "needs" and "wants"

*stop interest cycle

*pay cash

*Marriage can add or take years from your life

*men have the most to gain (life expectancy)

*women have the most to lose (heart disease, high BP)

*communicate

*prioritize

*Internal locus of control

*Be aware of bigger picture and daily moments

*Relaxation individually and as a family

*Yoga, picnics, walks at the beach, etc

*Exercise individually and as a family

*walks, bike rides, hikes, etc

*a life situation (threat, a change in one's life) knocks you off balance

1.) Situation is perceived (interpreted) as stressful

2.) Emotional reaction

3.)Physiological arousal (stress reactivity)

4.) Consquences

*this model is an example of a feedback loop

*consequence of stress (illness) can become a new stressor and start a new feedback loop

*Set up roadblocks at each point

*stressful event

-Decrease/avoid stressful events

*Interpretation/perception

-cognitive restructuring, importance/control

*Emotional response

-medications, self-care

*physical response

-relaxation techniques, exercise

*includes intervention at all phases

*several methods are used at each phase

*goal:to perform within optimal levels of stress

*stress that results in positive consequences

*involves change, adaptation

*Managing stress means exercising control

*one can decide to control or not control the stress response (assuming responsibility)

*practicing specific techniques is taking control

*Start right now

*complete a contract (in text)

*keep goals realistic

*plan rewards for reaching goals

*Start at the top of the stress theory model

*identify and eliminate as many stressors as possible

*Malnourished: eating too much or too little causes stress

*reduce heart disease: replace saturated fat (butter) with monounsaturated (peanut/olive oil) or polyunsaturated fats (corn, safflower oil)

*Reduce cancers: eat a low-fat, high fiber, vitamin A (orange fruits/vegetables, dark green leafy vegetables) Vitamin C (citrus, tomatoes, broccoli) limit alcohol, eat cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower).

Eating Disorders

Anorexia

Eating Disorders

Bulimia

Eating disorders

Binge eating disorder

Eating Disorders NOS

Disordered Eating

Emotional Eating

Healthy eating and attitudes

*in US 5-10% females and 3% males

*80% of Americans women are dissatisfied with their appearance

*The average age of onset has dropped from 13-17 to 9-12year olds

*25% of first graders have been on a diet

*Children who diet have a greater tendency to become overweight adults

*Health Body Mass Index (BMI) for females is 21-23 for males (22-24)

*also called sympathomimetics

*food substances that produce a stress response

*caffeine is a pseudostressor agent

*pseudostressors stimulate the sympatheic nervous system

*this creates a pseudostress response and makes a stress response more likely

*chronic stress depletes vitamins from our bodies, especially B complex vitamins and vitamin C (due to the production of cortisol)

*vitamins are needed for production of adrenal hormones

*vitamin depletion can worsen the stress response, creating a vicious circle

Did you know?

vitamins

*Chronic stress can deplete the vitamins we take into our bodies, particularly the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C

*Deficiency can lead to anxiety, depression, insomnia, muscular weakness, and upset stomach

*Stress interferes with calcium absorption and increases excretion of potassium, zinc, copper, and magnesium (concern for women trying to prevent osteoperosis).

*Salt can increase blood pressure (by retaining fluids), resulting in even greater pressure during stress

*Vitamin B: needed to break down sugar (already depleted is chronically stressed)

*Sugar reduces production of adrenal horomones

*Large amounts can result in hypoglycemia (low blood sugar preceded by elevated levels of blood sugar).

*Chronic stress can burn out beta cells, resulting in reduced production of insulin

*Noise can increase blood pressure, heart rate, and muscle tension

*related to job dissatification

*results in irritation, anxiety, headaches, increased blood pressure, and sleep problems

*At 85 decibels, stress responses develop

*White noise is used to drown out other noise. Noise can be stressful, but certain sounds can be relaxing

1.) G.E. Anderson (1972): life events scale to measure stress

2.) Holmes and Rahe: second scale for identifying unhealthy life events

3.) Stachnik et al: social support is effective roadblock to stress

4.) Lazarus:daily hassles: more detrimental to health than major life events

1.)Success=multi-faceted and is in the eyes of the beholder

2.) Success=improved self-esteem and failure will diminish it

3.) other views of success: based on competing and winning

4.) identify what success means to you and how to achieve this by using your strengths

1.) how much stress do i want in my life

2.) create life goals based on values (career, family, fun)

3.) what is success (eulogy exercise)

4.) values

5.) goals

6.) committed actions

Assertiveness Theory

What are your basic rights?

1.) To say no and not feel guilty

2.)To change your mind about anything

3.)To take your time to form a response to a comment or question

4.) To ask for assistance with instructions or directions

5.)To ask for what you want

6.)To experience and express your feelings

7.)To feel positive about yourself under any conditions

8.)To make mistakes without feeling embarrassed or guilty

9.)To own your own opinions and convictions

10.)To protest unfair treatment or criticism

11.) To be recognized for your significant achievements and contributions

DESC formula divided into 4 parts

*Describe situation

*Express feelings

*Specify change

*consequences of the outcome, regardless of change

1.) Learn to say "no"

2.) Learn to use I statements

3.) Use eye contact

4.)use assertive body language

5.)practice peaceful disagreement

6.)respond, rather than react

7.)Avoid manipulation

1.)Active/Reflective listening: repeat words and feelings

2.)Identify your position:state thoughts and feelings

3.)Explore alternative solutions: brainstorm

*Not effective alone though some people rely on it

*very effective with verbal

*plan time to talk without distractions

*listen and paraphrase

*begin with a point of agreement

*use and, not, but

*use I statements

*avoid why questions

*Assess how you spend time

*set goals (short term to long term)

*prioritize (ABC lists)

*Schedule your ABCs

*Maximize your rewards

*say no

*delegate

*evaluate tasks once (circular file)

*limit interruptions

*invest time initially

*belonging, being accepted, loved or needed

*tangible suport

*emotional support

*informational support

*appraisal support

-Social support may help manage stress in two ways

*Direct Effect

*Stress Buffering Theory

*reported quality of life

*psychological health

*academic performance

*coronary heart disease

*combat stress

*choose to focus on the positive rather than the negative in a situation

*GOOD AND BAD in a situation

*De-emphasize, but do not deny, negative features

*recall the good events of each day

*take time to smell the roses

*put minor stressors into perspective

*focus on the positive aspects of the current situation

*develop an attitude of gratitude

*can be an effective means of coping with stress

*chua et al humor prevented negative life events from resulting in mood disturbances

*labott and martin coping with humor acted as a buffer b/w negative life events and mood disturbances

*Humor-psychological and physiological changes leading to relaxation

*Humor-improve the health of the elderly and has been used as therapy

*can be used inappropriately, causing distress to others

1.) Type A: competitive drive, aggressive, impatient, time urgency, and hostility

-job stress, health problems and coronary heart disease (hostile/aggressive)

2.)Type B: little hostility or sense of time urgency

*poor self esteem is related to drug abuse, irresponsible sexual behavior, stress-related illness

*stress manageent requires self efficacy; confidence in your ability to control your life

*Identify areas of high and low esteem

*examine you perception

*intervention

-change perceptions

-create goals and specific steps

-give yourself credit/success stories

*Perception of the amount of control you have over events in your life

-external locus of control

-internal locus of control

*Related to chronic fatigue syndrome, sick leave from work, being screened for breast cancer

*Cocreator perception deficiency: believe in total control over events or no control

*unrealistic fear resulting in physiological arousal and behaviors to avoid or escape the stimulus

*Types of anxiety

-trait anxiety

-state anxiety

-test anxiety

-social phobia

-specific phobia

-agoraphobia

-panic disorder

*environmental planning

*relabeling/cognitive restructuring

*self-talk

*thought stopping

*systematic desensitization

-fear heirarchy

-armchair desensitization

-in vivo desensitization

*ABCDE

-Activiating agent

-belief system

-consequences

-dispute irrational beliefs

-effect