Term
| Identify the causes and give examples of an Immediate (Type I)hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| known as immediate hypersensitivities because the response time is usually less than 30 minutes; also known simply as allergies as the response is triggered by an allergen (pollen, food, or insect sting) |
|
|
Term
| Identify the causes and give examples of an Cytotoxic (Type II)hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| the response is triggered by foreign antigens on the surface of cells (red blood cells) |
|
|
Term
| Identify the causes and give examples of an Immune Complex (Type III) hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| occurs when the response to a normal antigen (in a vaccine or on a microorganism) produces an antigen-antibody complex that precipitates in the blood and activates complement. (ex. Pneumonitis (lungs) and glomerulonephritis (kidneys)) |
|
|
Term
| Identify the causes and give examples of a Cell-Mediated (Type IV) Hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| a response mediated by T cells against an antigen that causes tissue damage over a period of several days; also called Delayed- Type Hypersensitivity. (Ex. Tuberculin Hypersensitivity, Contact Dermatitis) |
|
|
Term
| list the possible reasons for the onset of an autoimmune disorder |
|
Definition
Pathogenic antigens resemble auto antigens
Host tissues were hidden during immunocompetence (ex. Sperm)
Genetic disposition
decreased regulatory T cell activity |
|
|
Term
| Type I Diabetes autoimmune disorders |
|
Definition
| the immune system attacks the Islet cells of the pancreas preventing the production of insulin |
|
|
Term
| Graves’ Disease autoimmune disorders |
|
Definition
| characterized by over stimulation of the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| Rheumatoid Arthritis autoimmune disorders |
|
Definition
| characterized by inflammation that usually, but not always, occurs in the joints when IgG antibodies are altered by lysozymes released in response to an infection |
|
|
Term
| Mellitus autoimmune disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lupus autoimmune disorders |
|
Definition
| caused by the production of autoantibodies to DNA components, blood cells, and neurons; immune complexes are formed and deposited, and interfere with normal function wherever they form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves grafting tissue from one part of the body to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves grafting tissue from a member of the same species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves grafting tissue from an identical twin or clone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves grafting tissue form a member of a different species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder in which both T cells and B cells are deficient due to the lack of development of the lymphoid stem cell; individual with SCID must be maintained in a germ free environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also called thymic aplasia; a disorder in which T cells are absent, due to some agent that interferes with the normal development of the thymus; excessively susceptible to viral infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder in which B cells, and therefore antibodies, are absent; excessively susceptible to bacteria infections; can be treated with gamma globulin (IgG) fractions. |
|
|
Term
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
|
Definition
| a condition of suppressed Helper T cells due to infection by HIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cell function can be inhibited by lymphoid tissue cancers; B cell function can be inhibited by bone marrow cancers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. No outer envelope
ii. Thick layer of peptidoglycan
iii. No periplasmic spaces
iv. Acid-fast
v. Very unique thick wall
vi. Lots of lipids and mycolic acids
vii. Mycobacterium genus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Endotoxin more virulent due to endotoxin layer
ii. Outer envelope
iii. Periplasmic space
iv. Thin peptidoglycan
v. Periplamic space
vi. Plasma membrane
Mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. DNA is organized into several chromosomes, that are bound within a distinct nucleus
ii. Membrane bound organells do exist
iii. Cell wall structure, when present, is composed of cellulose in plant or chitin in fungi
iv. All plant/plant-like and animal/animal-like organisms are composed of eukaryotic cell
v. Flagella, cilia, ribosomes, nucleus, ER, golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts
Net production of ATP is 36 molecules in mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. DNA is organized into one circular chromosome, that is not bound within a nucleus
ii. Membrane bound organelles do not exist
iii. Cell wall structure is composed of peptigoglycan
iv. Only bacteria and archaea are composed of prokaryotic cells
v. The function of prokaryotic plasma membrane is dramatically increased due to the lack of other cellular organells
vi. Net production of ATP is 38 in cytoplasm
vii. Cytoplasm composes majority, nucleoid, plasmid, eendospore, ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unicellular prokaryotic organisms that lack a distinct nucleus and organelles, and undergo binary fission for reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. From Kingdom Monera (Prokaryotae)
ii. “true bacteria”
iii. The common bacteria that play a large role in health sciences
iv. Domain Bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. From Kingdom Monera (Prokaryotae)
ii. Photosynthetic
iii. Domain Bacteria
iv. Gram Negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. From Kindom Monera (Prokaryotae)
ii. The primitive prokaryotes that thrive in hostile environments
iii. Extremist: hyperthermophiles, extreme halophiles, methanogens; differ structurally from the eubactia with respect to cell wall content, cell membrane structure, and ribosomal components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Kingdom Protista (eukaryotic organisms that contain a distinct nucleus and organells; they do not develop from an embryo or from a spore, they closes resemble members of these other groups)
ii. Obtain nutrients by photosynthesis
iii. Provide ecological contributions as primary producers, the first step in the aquatic food chain
iv. Produces about 80% of Earth’s oxygen
v. Diamtoms- sponge like appearance, marine producers, cell wall made up of silica, = toothpastes, cleaners, natural pesticides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. First animal
ii. Kingdom Protista
iii. Eukaryotic, unicellular organisms that do not have cell walls
iv. Most are Polymorphic: trophozoite, cyst
v. Some are pleomorphic (no cyst)
vi. Obtain nutrients by ingestion
vii. Classified according to locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Mold and yeast
ii. Unicellular and multicellular
iii. Kingdom Fungi (non-motile eukaryotic organisms that display filamentous structures rather than leaves or stems; obtain nutrients by absorption from dead of dying organisms = saprophytes/decomposers; can reproduce asexually and sexually; may form spores, but do not form seeds
iv. Domain Eukarya
v. Fungi can be parasitic or saprophytic
vi. Prefer slightly acidic environments
vii. Molds are aerobic and yeast are facultative anaerobes
viii. Resistant to osmotic pressure= prefer environments with high sugar
ix. Can tolerate low moisture environments
x. Hyphae- long branched filaments; haploid (vegetative and aerial portions) mycelium- mat like structure thallus- body of fungus
xi. Dimorphism: fungi can live in both most and yeast form (mucor and Hisplasma capsulatum)
xii. Budding is the most common form of reproduction
xiii. Most fungi produce asexual and sexual spore for reproduction: fungal spore characteristics- produced in large numbers, easily disseminated, some are resistant to conditions that would kill the vegetative state
xiv. Sexual spore formation: Plasmogamy, karyogmy, meiosis
xv. Classified according to the type of sexual spore produced
xvi. Division Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Deuteromycota
xvii. Trichophyton (ringworm)
xviii. Fungi are eukaryotic therefore harming fungal cells can harm host cells, no magic bullet, hard to treat and cure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Bacteriophages
ii. Acellular pathogens
iii. Infectious agents too small to be seen with a light microscope
iv. Obligate intracellular parasites
v. Virion (extracellular virus) composed of a capsid surrounding a nucleic acid core
vi. Composed of DNA or RNA
vii. Single or double stranded DNA/RNA
viii. Host range- refers to the different types of organisms a virus can infect and use as a host
ix. Size: range from 20-14,000 nm in length
x. Capid- protein coat, acts to protect and give shape to the virus as well as for attachment to host cells; made of repeating protein subunits called capsomeres
xi. Shape: helical- tubular capsid (tobacco mosaic virus); polyhedral- roughly spherical capsid (common cold); Complex- various shapes- Smallpox, Rabies, and bacteriophages
xii. Categorized based on: nucleic acid type, presence/absence of an envelope, size and shape
xiii. Named: according to disease they cause, mode of transmission, sixe, appearance of the viral particle, place of isolation, replication
xiv. Lytic: immediately; lysogenic: temperate
xv. Replication: Adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, maturation, release
xvi. Viroid: smaller than a virus, RNA w/out a capsid, found in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. A PROTEINaceous INfectious particle that is exceedingly small, smaller than the nucleic acids
ii. Responsible for slow, progressive neurological disorders that are collectively referred to as spongiform encephalopathies (SE)
iii. Ex. Kuru and variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, Scrapie, Mad Cow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Parasitic worms
ii. May lack a digestive system, absorb nutrients from host
iii. Reduced nervous system, environment (inside the host) is fairly constant
iv. Reduced or lacking means of locomotion
v. Usually have a complex reproductive system
vi. Platyhelminths: acoelomate, hermaphroditic, parasitic flukes (trematodes) and tapeworms (cestodes-scolex and proglottids)
vii. Nematodes: contain pseudocoelom, dioecious (male and female organisms); ex. Trichinosis, filariases-W. bancrofti, D.immitis-heatworms, onchoceriasis, E. vermicularis-pinworms |
|
|
Term
| Humoral: B cells (mature in bone marrow) |
|
Definition
| active against bacteria, toxins, extracellular viruses; B cells make plasma cells, that produce antibodies and memory cells |
|
|
Term
| Humoral: B cells (mature in bone marrow) |
|
Definition
| i. Binds to a specific antigen; the binding of antigen activates the B cell and causes it to divide many times (colonal selection) to produce plasma cells and memory cells |
|
|
Term
| Cell-mediated: T cells (mature in the thymus) |
|
Definition
| active against intracellular viruses, cancer cells, fungi; T cells activation requires antigen presentation>lots more T cells (cytotoxic = perforin, helper = cytokins) and memory cells |
|
|
Term
| Cell-mediated: T cells (mature in the thymus) |
|
Definition
| Involves the differentiation and direct actions of different kinds of T cells and the production of cytokines; colonal selection products are several more types of T cells and memory cells |
|
|
Term
| beneficial aspects of microbes |
|
Definition
i. Facilitate nitrogen use by plants
ii. Aids in digestive process
iii. Decomposition- “circle of life”
iv. Bioremediation: the use of microbes to degrade environmental pollutants and toxins
v. Use on food and brewing industry
vi. Important in biotechnology and genetic engineering
vii. Normal flora |
|
|
Term
| detrimental aspects of microbes |
|
Definition
i. Disease
ii. Pathogenic- microbes that causes disease
iii. Decomposition- destruction of useful things
iv. Spoilage of food
v. Pollution of the environment |
|
|
Term
| the mechanisms of actions of antibiotics |
|
Definition
a. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
b. Inhibition of protein synthesis
c. Inhibition of metabolic pathways
d. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
e. Inhibition of host recognition or attachment
f. Disruption of the cell membrane function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Father of Microscopy; first to view living organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Disproved Spontaneous Generation Theory- abiogenisis, microorganisms could arise form non-living things
ii. Proved the Theory of Biogenesis-all organisms arise only from living organisms
iii. Fermentation- process by which yeast converts sugar to alcohol when oxygen is not present
iv. Produced the 1st Rabies vaccine
v. Attenuation- process of weakening or inactivating microbes for use in vaccines
vi. Pasteurization- process that heats wine and dairy products sufficiently to kill most microbes, thus preventing spoilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sanitation of bandages and instruments with carbolic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pushed for more sanitary conditions in hospitals, hand washing and house keeping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Began the use of solidified medium by adding agar, which enabled the growth of individual bacterial colonies, which indicates the growth and proliferation of one isolated cell
ii. Grew bacteria in pure culture, a culture containing only one type of bacteria
iii. ID’d causative agent of anthrax; resulted in the first undebatable proof of the Germ Theory
iv. ID’d the causative agents of tuberculosis and Cholera
v. Developed tuberculin- unsuccessful as a vaccine, but lead to the development of the TB skin test
vi. Devised an outline for proving the Germ Theory (koch’s postulates) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discovered vaccination for smallpox; very first vaccination ever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Searched for magic bullets that would kill microbial cells without harming the surrounding host cells
ii. Found synthetic drugs that could combat sleeping sickness and syphilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Discovered that lysozymes have chemotherapeutic effects
ii. Discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Discovered that some diseases are caused by agents smaller than bacteria and cannot be caught by a filter
ii. Discovered that some microbes convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate, a form that can be used by plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus, and found it was composed of RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discovered the process of transformation-a harmless bacteria that assimilates the traits of dead, but previously virulent bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease acquired in a hospital/health care setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease caused by medical treatment; superinfection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a microbial anti-microbial; comes from microbes that kill other microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corkscrew with endoflagella, Treponema (syphillus), Borrelia (lyme disease), Leptospira, Gram neg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a disease that is transmitted from animal to human
i. Tapeworm, malaria, ringworm, rabies, lyme disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O
i. Glucose + oxygen > Energy + Carbon dioxide + water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight >C6H12O6 + 6O2
i. Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight(energy) > glucose + oxygen |
|
|
Term
| the three possible end products of fermentation |
|
Definition
| Lactic acid fermentation, Alcohol fermentation, CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a. using the electrons from NADH, the pyruvic acids are converted directly to lactic acid. Ex. Muscle soreness, spoiled milk, cheese, yogurt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pyruvic acids release carbon dioxide to produce acetaldehyde, which is reduced to ethyl alcohol by the electrons from NADH. Ex. Beer, wine, pastries, bread |
|
|
Term
| list at least five (5) microbial virulence |
|
Definition
| Extracellular Enzymes,Toxins,M protein, Leukocidins,Capsules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Hyaluronidase: the spreading factor; digest hyaluronic acid which is part of all connective tissues
ii. Coagulase: accelerates clot formation
iii. Streptokinase (fibrinolysin): degrades clots; used to treat MI’s
iv. Lecithinase- destroys cellular membranes
v. Hemolyisn- proteins that enable organisms to degrade RBC for acces to iron
vi. Mecrotizing factors: cause death to body cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poisonous substances released by bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| i. Exotoxins: soluble protein substances produced inside gram positive bacteria during normal metabolic processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : kill host cells or inhibit their normal function; diphtheria and anthrax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit proper nerve impulse transmission; mechanism of botulism (flaccid paralysis) and tetanus (spatic paralysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affect cells lining the GI tract; cholera, staphylococcal food poisoning, and hemolytic E.coli infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid substances produced and released into tissues from the cell walls of gram negative organisms (S. typhi, Proteus, and N. meningitidis) as they die and cell wall lysis occurs; symptoms of endotoxin release include chills, fever, weakness, generalized aches, septic shock, and even death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell wall component of S. pyogenes that resists phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that kill phagocytic WBCs directly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either trick the phagocytic cells into thinking the cell is a normal host cell of their slippery nature makes phagocytosis difficult |
|
|
Term
| arthropod vectors and the specific infections that they transmit Cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arthropod vectors and the specific infections that they transmit Mites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arthropod vectors and the specific infections that they transmit Lice |
|
Definition
| pediculosis, epidemic typus |
|
|
Term
| arthropod vectors and the specific infections that they transmit Mosquito |
|
Definition
malaria(plasmodium), dengue fever, yellow fever, heartworm (dirofilaria immitis), filariasis (wucheria bancrofti)
e. Ticks: rocky mountain spotted fever, lyme disease, tularemia, babesiosis |
|
|
Term
| arthropod vectors and the specific infections that they transmit Flea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arthropod vectors and the specific infections that they transmit Tse Tse fly |
|
Definition
| African sleeping sickness |
|
|
Term
| arthropod vectors and the specific infections that they transmit Sand fly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arthropod vectors and the specific infections that they transmit Black fly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arthropod vectors and the specific infections that they transmit Bugs (kissing bug/beetle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arthropod vectors and the specific infections that they transmit Pinworms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arthropod vectors and the specific infections that they transmit Snail |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Acid fast bacteria will stain Gram positive, but contain a very uniquely thick cell was, with large amounts of lipid and mycolic acids, and some peptidoglycan
ii. Superbugs: pathogens that are resistant to three or more antimicrobial agents
iii. Not destroyed by the process of phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Can be produced by endospores
ii. B.anthrax
iii. Have capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Can be produced by endospores
ii. C. tetanus, botulism, gangrene
iii. Have antitoxins: contain already made antibodies against specific toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Gram negative; live naturally without the presence of a cell wall; their plasma membrane contains sterols to help resist lysis
ii. No cell wall |
|
|
