Term
first line of defense in body
y it works so well on physical and chemical level |
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Definition
| skin, physical barrier and chemical barrier (low ph)(antibodies) |
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Term
different types of t and b cells
role of helper t |
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Definition
helper t cells read antigen form macrophage mulitply activate killer sup memor b cells
killer t cell secrete chemicals and kill cells with antigen
b cells make antibody proteins (attatch to antigens)
suppressor t cells stop immune response
memory t cells stay in blood stream and will attack teh same pathogen again quickly |
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Term
| 4 steps make up immune response |
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Definition
macrophage insert pathogen; display antigen for helper t
helper t activates B and killer T
killer t puncture pathogen
antibodies attatch to antigen to nuturalize
suppressor t halt immune response T/B cells circulate |
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Term
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Definition
| weakened or dead or antigen of a pathogen, get a small immune response, memory t/b circulate, no symptoms the next time |
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Term
| how hiv affects immune system |
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Definition
| destroys the helper t cells- cant start immune response |
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Term
| anatomy of neuron and synapse |
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Definition
| dendrites cell body axon synapse |
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Term
| examples of nurotransmitter and what it does |
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Definition
| acytal choline released by motor neurons and cause muscles to contract |
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Term
| how do action potentials work |
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Definition
stimulus to na+ channel to NA+ rushes in (cells go positive) to causes next na+ channel to open to exocytosis of neurotransmitter to binds and causes new na+ channel to open
all or nothing |
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Term
| wat causes action potentials |
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Definition
| chemicals, radiation, heat waves, light waves, pressure, pain receptors, hot/cold, stretch receptors, sound waves |
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Term
| how endocrine system moves message through body |
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Definition
| communicated with hormones through circulatory system |
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Term
| brain that controls most of endocrine system |
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Definition
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Term
| gland the brain sends message to |
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Definition
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Term
what glands in body
throat area
abdominal |
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Definition
throat= thyroid, parathyroid, thymus
abdomonal= adrenal, pancres |
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Term
what glands control sugar balance
metabolism
stress level
calcium balance
circadium rhythms |
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Definition
sugar balance- pancreas
metabolism- thyroid
stress level- adrenal
calcium balance- parathyroid
circadium rhythhms- pineal |
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Term
| different types of muscles, where you find them |
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Definition
smooth muscles around gi trac blood vessles
cardiac muscles in heart
skeletal muscles move your skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle- musclefiver- myofibril- actin/miosin |
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Term
sketch a sarcomere
lable protein fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| how muscle contractions work |
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Definition
acetyl choline is released from motor neurons
causes sacroplasmic reticulum to release ca2+
ca2+ binds to troponin which moves tropomysin off the myosin binding sights on the actin
myosin binds to actin and pulls actin inward= contraction
myosin releases from actin actin springs back into relaxed position |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles only move in 1 direction so to move back use antagonistic muscle |
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Term
| num of bones in adult human |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
movement
support
blood cell
formation
mineral reserve
protection |
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Term
| different types of joints, give examples |
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Definition
ball in socket- sholder
hinge- elbow knee
gliding- wrist
fixed- skull
pivot- vertebrae |
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Term
wat attatches bone to bone
muscle to bone
cushioning |
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Definition
bones-bones ligaments
muscle - bones tendon
cushioning- cartilage |
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Term
evolution of breathing systems
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Definition
diffusion-cell
through skin- worm
spicules to trachea- bug
gills-fish
skin lungs kills-frog
lungs- reptiles birds mamals |
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Term
| characteistica of respiratory surface |
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Definition
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Term
| anatomy of your respiratory system |
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Definition
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Term
| where gas exchange takes place in lungs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how rate of breathing is controled |
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Definition
| breathing rate controlled by medulla oblongata |
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Term
| wat causes air to go in and out of lungs |
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Definition
contraction of diaphram
increases thoracic volume
decrease pressure->air rushes in |
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Term
tidal vital residual volumes
identify and approx volume |
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Definition
tidal-one breath-500ml
vital-max-4000ml
residual-stays in lungs-2000ml |
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Term
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Definition
plasma (water protein lipids carbs salts)
formed elements (red blood cell, white blood cell, platelets) |
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Term
| how has heart eveolved in vertebrates |
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Definition
fish-2 chambers (cold blood)
reptiles/amphibians- 3 chambers (coold bloood)
mamals- 4 chambers (warm blood) |
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Term
what chambers of the heart and 2 circuts of blood flow
which is strongest |
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Definition
chambers- right/left atrium and ventricles
L ventricle=strongest
blood flow circuts- pulmonary, systemic
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Term
heart cycle, both phases
what is blood pressure |
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Definition
contraction/filling
=
systolic/diastolic
=
12mm Hg/80mm Hg |
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Term
valves of heart
sounds they make |
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Definition
lub-AV valve
dup- semilunar valve |
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Term
| how is heartbeat controlled |
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Definition
SA sinoatrial node controls heart beat aka pacemaker
self excititory cardiac muscles that dont contract
influenced by excercise temp epinephrin |
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Term
| different blood vessels and their structure |
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Definition
arteries (far away from heart) connective tissue smooth muscle endothelial layer
capillaries (where exchange takes place: gasses, nutrients, etc)
veins (towards heart) |
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