Term
| T/F macrophages and histiocytes are capable of undergoing mitosis once in tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytokines stimulate bone marrow stem cells to differentiate along the neutrophil cell line? |
|
Definition
| IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF, G-CSF |
|
|
Term
| At what stage of neutrophil development does programed cell death intervene to limit neutropoiesis in health? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In healthy animals, how long do neutrophils remain in the postmitotic bone marrow pool (i.e. metamyelocytes, bands, segs)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In health, what is the circulating half life of neutrophils (before entering tissue)? |
|
Definition
| circulating neutrophils have a half life of 5-10hr after which they enter tissues |
|
|
Term
| What endogenous chemical mediators activate neutrophils resulting in expression of high-affinity membrane integrins that bind to endothelial cell receptors to mediate the process of migration into tissues? |
|
Definition
| leukotrine B4 and platelet activating factor |
|
|
Term
| Which of the domestic species have more marginated neutrophils that circulating neutrophils? |
|
Definition
Cats (MNP:CNP ~3)
**most other species have around equal numbers marginated and circulating neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What phenotype are most peripheral blood lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do lymphocytes migrate through lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| enter via high endothelial venules, migrate through lymph node and then exit via efferent lymphatic vessels to re-enter the blood |
|
|
Term
| Which type of synoviocyte is essentially a tissue macrophage? |
|
Definition
| Type A synoviocytes are macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What cytokine is the major stimulus for eosinopoeisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major cytokine for basophil production and differentiation in the bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take basophils to mature in the bone marrow? What is their circulating half life and tissue life span? |
|
Definition
| ~2.5 days to mature in the marrow, after which circulating half life is ~6hr and tissue life span can be up to 2 weeks |
|
|
Term
| What are shift platelets? |
|
Definition
| a shift platelet is a platelet larger than an erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of Wright stain? |
|
Definition
Eosin and oxidized methylene blue (aka azure dye)
**when generally written Wright's stain often refers in general to romanowski stains (any dye composed of eosin and methylene blue) |
|
|
Term
| What are components of Romanowski stains? |
|
Definition
combination of eosin and methylene blue
(e.g. Wright's stain, geimsa) |
|
|
Term
| Cellular structures of what pH stains purple to blue with romanowski stains? |
|
Definition
| The purple blue color is the result of the azure dye (methylene blue) which is a basic dye that stains acidic structures (e.g. DNA and RNA) |
|
|
Term
| Cellular structures of what pH appear pink to red with romanowski stains? |
|
Definition
| Red color is the result of eosin dye, which is acidic and stains alkaline cellular structures (e.g. hemoglobin, eosinophil granules) |
|
|
Term
| How do impedance cell counters distinguish between different cellular elements of blood? |
|
Definition
| by apparent volume - cells are nonconductive particles, the degree of electrical interference recorded when a cell passes through an aperature is used to distinguish the cellular elements of blood *not so good at identifying small erythrocytes (e.g. goats) and large platelets (e.g. cats) |
|
|
Term
| How are cat eosinophils detected via the ADVIA? |
|
Definition
cat eosinophils lack peroxidase so they are stained with Oxazine 750
**same stain used to detect reticulocytes |
|
|
Term
| How many nRBC/100 WBC necessitate correction of the WBC? What is the equation to correct the total WBC? |
|
Definition
>10 nRBC/100 WBC
Equation for corrected WBC is
= measured [WBC] * 100/(100+ #nRBC/100WBC) |
|
|
Term
| T/F glucocorticoids can stimulate the release of band neutrophils from the bone marrow |
|
Definition
True, really only appreciated in dogs
**however, the primary mechanism of neutrophilia associated with glucocorticoids is decreased margination due to downregulation of adhesion molecules (this can be especially prominent in cats which have the largest marginated neutrophil pool) |
|
|
Term
| What non-hemic neoplasms have been associated with marked paraneoplastic neutrophilia in dogs (due to tumor production of G-CSF or other similar substance)? |
|
Definition
rectal adenomatous polyp
renal tubular carcinoma
metastatic fibrosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| When in the course of estrogen toxicosis is neutrophilia expected? |
|
Definition
2-3 weeks after exposure
Time course of estrogen myelotoxicity in dogs:
0-13d (brief thrombocytosis followed by severe thrombocytopenia)
13-20d (neutrophilia)
21-45 (marrow recovery or aplasia and pancytopenia depending on dose)
|
|
|
Term
| abnormalities in what proteins are associated with cyclic neutropenia in dogs? |
|
Definition
neutrophil elastase and adaptor protein complex 3 (a cargo protein for neutrophil eleastase)
in affected dogs there is decreased amounts of adaptor protein complex 3, and neutrophil elastase becomes incorporated into the cell membrane rather than into cytoplasmic granules.
**it is hypothesized that the transmembrane neutrophil elastase may degrade local target proteins (e.g. cytokines or receptors) involved in normal hematapoiesis |
|
|
Term
| What condition in cats is associated with cyclic neutropenia/hematapeosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of lymphocytes are observed in cattle with BLV associated persistent lymphocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three mechanisms contribute to lymphopenia of acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
increased margination of lymphocytes into inflamed tissues
homing of lymphocytes to lymphoid tissue
decreased transit of lymphocytes from lymphoid tissue back into the blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms associated with corticosteroid mediated lymphopenia? |
|
Definition
initially- homing of lymphocytes to lymphoid tissues and decreased efflux of lymphocytes of of the lymphoid tissues
With more time direct cytotoxic effect and decreased lymphopoeisis |
|
|
Term
| In which species do glucocorticoids cause a monocytosis? What is the mechanism? |
|
Definition
| dogs and cats Monocytosis is likely the result of shift from the marginated to circulating monocyte pool (down-regulation of adhesion molecules) |
|
|
Term
| Why might there be a monocytosis in cases of immune mediated neutropenia? |
|
Definition
| neutrophils and monocytes share common bipotential stem cells so there may be increased monocytopoiesis when there is ineffective neutropoiesis |
|
|
Term
| Although there is not an established threshold, peripheral eosinophil concentrations above which absolute eosinophil concentration are generally considered to be consistent with hypereosinophilic syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tumors have been associated with paraneoplastic eosinophilia in dogs? |
|
Definition
| mast cell neoplasia, T cell lymphoma, thymoma, mammary carcinoma, oral fibrosarcoma, and rectal adenomatous polyp |
|
|
Term
| What tumors have been associated with paraneoplastic eosinophilia in cats? |
|
Definition
| T cell and alimentary lymphoma, transitional cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What non-neoplastic, non-inflammatory disorders have been associated with mastocytemia in dogs? |
|
Definition
Hemmorhage secondary to hemophelia
gastric torsion |
|
|
Term
| What causes cytoplasmic vacuolation in toxic neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| What disorders are associated with the presence of sideroleukocytes in peripheral blood? |
|
Definition
| hemolytic disorders (e.g. IMHA, neonatal isoerythrolysis, equine infectious anemia) and following blood transfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a neutrophil that has engulfed nuclear antigen-antibody complexes
**more prominent and homogenous when stained with new methylene blue than Wright's stain |
|
|
Term
| What life stage of hepatazoon americanum infects leukocytes and which leukocytes are infected? |
|
Definition
Hepatazoon americanum gametocytes infect canine neutrophils and monocytes, typically very few organisms in peripheral blood
Causes severe illness with a guarded prognosis, cases are largely limited to the southern and gulf coast states. This is in contrast to heptazoon canis, which is causes minimal clinical signs but often numerous organisms are present in blood and is found in the rest of the world |
|
|
Term
| What species of ehrlichia can infect predominantly neutrophils? |
|
Definition
E. ewingii
*dogs and humans can be infected |
|
|
Term
| What stage of the lifecycle of leishmania can be observed in macrophages in LN, bone marrow, spleen and liver? What is a unique morphologic feature of these organisms |
|
Definition
Amastigotes- their distinctive feature is a a kinetoplast*
*amastigotes of typanosoma cruzi are also kinetoplastid, but only trypanomastigotes are expected in the peripheral blood with these infections |
|
|
Term
| What species of trypanosoma infects dogs in the USA? What life form of this organism is found in peripheral blood? |
|
Definition
Trypanosoma cruzi, trypanomastigotes are found in peripheral blood *
trypanosoma cruzi is a kinetoplastid, so its amastigotes look very similar to leishmania, however, amastigotes are not expected in peripheral blood (present in tissue macrophages) |
|
|
Term
| Which species is susceptible to infection with trypanosome theileri? |
|
Definition
| Cattle- it's not pathogenic and can be present in very high numbers in blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the life stage of toxoplasma gondi that can be observed in peripheral neutrophils and monocytes of infected dogs and cats? |
|
Definition
tachyzoites
**more commonly observed in macrophages of infected tissues (lung and intestine) |
|
|
Term
| What domestic animal breed have been reported to have chediak-higashi syndrome? What is the manifestation of this hereditary disorder? |
|
Definition
Blue smoke persian cats and Herford cattle
diagnostic features are large specific granules in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils as a result of fusion of lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency is associated with GM1 gangliosidosis and what peripheral blood manifestation is associated with this condition? |
|
Definition
deficiency in beta-galactosidase causes GM1 gangliosidosis associated with small, distinct, clear cytoplasmic vacuoles in peripheral blood lymphocytes
*affects Shiba Inu type dogs |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency is associated with GM2 gangliosidosis and what peripheral blood manifestation is associated with this condition? |
|
Definition
Deficiency in beta-hexosaminidase is associated with GM2 gangliosidosis
diagnostic features in peripheral blood include dark blue granules in nuetrophils and prominent azurophilic granulation or vacuolation in lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical manifestation of birman cat neutrophil anomaly? |
|
Definition
prominent fine eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules in neutrophils
*autosomal recessive, altered content in lysosomes = granules, normal function |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency is associated with mucopolysacharidosis type 1? What peripheral blood findings are expected? |
|
Definition
deficiency in alpha-L-iduronidase
May have no morphologic abnormalities appreciated on routine light microscopy, however, fine pink cytoplasmic granules have been reported in neutrophils in affected cats |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency is associated with mucopolysacharidosis type IIIB? What peripheral blood findings are expected? |
|
Definition
Deficiency in lysosomal glycosidase N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase, affects schipperkes
Abnormal dark granulation in peripheral blood and bone marrow macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency is associated with mucopolysacharidosis type VI? What peripheral blood findings are expected? |
|
Definition
deficiency in arylsulfatase B, reported in siamese, DSH, and dachshunds
Large red purple granules in neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency is associated with mucopolysacharidosis type VII? What peripheral blood findings are expected? |
|
Definition
deficiency in beta-glucuronidase
large red purple granules in neutrophils*
*similar in appearance to inclusions seen in animals with MPS type VI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deficiency in alpha-L-fucosidase (an enzyme involved in glycoprotein metabolism)
Lymphocytes have cytoplasmic vacuoles |
|
|
Term
| In what species have leukocyte adhesion disorders been described? What molecule is defective in affected individuals? |
|
Definition
dogs (irish setters) and cattle (holstein)
both are cause by defects in CD18 (integrin), although the mutation is different in dogs and cattle. The defect prevents functional CD11/CD18 complexes which are necessary for leukocyte adherence, migration, and aggregation |
|
|
Term
| What clinical, hematologic, and bone marrow manifestations are associated with leukocyte adhesion deficiencies in dogs and cattle? |
|
Definition
often have recurrent infections
peripheral neutrophilia, bone marrow granulocytic hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| What confirmatory test is available to diagnose canine and bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytologic features are observed in hereditary bone marrow dyscrasia of poodles? What is the clinical manifestation of this syndrome in affected dogs? |
|
Definition
hypersegmented or giant neutrophils
macrocytic, normochromic erythrocytes without anemia or reticulocytosis. Also many nucleated RBC and atypical howell jolly bodies.
Affected individuals are asymptomatic. |
|
|
Term
| What leukocyte anomaly has been describe in quarter horses? |
|
Definition
idiopathic neutrophil hypersegmentation (up to 11 definitive lobes, separated by thin filaments
Clinical significance is unknown |
|
|
Term
| T/F most animals with clinical pelter-huet anomaly are heterozygotes |
|
Definition
True- homozygotes are typically stillborn
**has been described in dogs, cats, and arabian horses |
|
|
Term
| What conditions may result in the observation of pseudo-pelger-huet neutrophils and eosinophils? |
|
Definition
severe inflammation (cattle and dogs)- due to asynchronous neutrophil maturation, typically concurrent with marked toxic change
FeLV induced myeloid leukemia (cats)
Pseudo-pelger-huet eosinophils have been reported in a horse with marked inflammatory peripheral eosinophilia |
|
|
Term
| In what dog breed may eosinophils be misclassified by the Advia? |
|
Definition
Greyhounds (eosinophil granules may lack peroxidase activity and are usually misclassified as monocytes in the peroxidase chanel of the ADVIA)
**this can also occur with gray eosinophils from other species (e.g. golden retriever, shetland sheepdog etc.) as well as normally staining eosinophils and gray eosinophils of greyhounds |
|
|
Term
| What ligand on unstimulated neutrophils is most important for initial adhesion to activated endothelial cells? |
|
Definition
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1
*Binds to p-selectin on stimulated endothelial cells to mediate leukocyte rolling |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of neutrophil activation with regards to neutrophil movement out of circulating and into tissues? |
|
Definition
| increased expression of beta2 integrins (CD11abc/CD18) which mediate firm adhesion to endothelial cells by interacting with intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in neutrophil migration into a site of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Endothelial cell activation with increased expression of selectins (P and E) which interact with selectins on neutrophils (L selectins) to mediate leukocyte rolling |
|
|
Term
| What process mediates neutrophil migration through tissues? |
|
Definition
| haptotaxis **migration up a gradient of immobilized chemoattractants (vs, chemotaxis, which is migration along a gradient of soluble chemoattractants) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important class of integrins for neutrophils migration? |
|
Definition
| Beta1 integrins (high affinity for extracellular matrix proteins), expressed in much higher amounts on activated neutrophils compared to circulating neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What is the activator of the neutrophil respiratory burst (for killing microorganisms)? |
|
Definition
NADPH oxidase (it becomes incorporated into the phagocytic vacuole and reduces O2 to superoxide, which undergoes disputation to form hydrogen peroxide)
**the oxidative burst can occur from binding to other chemoattractants (esp. complement) and can occur without phagocytosis or degranulation |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme greatly enhances the bactericidal properties of hydrogen peroxide? |
|
Definition
myeloperoxidase
**catalyzes the oxidation of chloride to hypochlorous acid --> halogenation of bacterial cell walls and loss of integrity |
|
|
Term
| What non-enzymatic peptides with antimicrobial properties are present in neutrophil primary granules? |
|
Definition
cationic proteins, esp. defensins
**insert into lipid bilayer of microorganism membranes disrupting the integrity of the membrane |
|
|
Term
| What cells are most important in eosinophil activation and survival? |
|
Definition
CD4+ TH2 lymphocytes and Mast cells
**TH2 lymphs produce IL-4, IL-13 which stimulate isotype switching and IgE production by b lymphs. IgE cross linking when mast cells bind to antigen stimulates mast cell degranulation. Mast cell granule contents (esp. histamine and small chemokines, esp. CCL5) promote eosinophil production, chemotaxis, activation, and survival |
|
|
Term
| What molecule on endothelial cells is most important for adhesion of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) binds to very late antigen 4 (VLA-4) on the surface of eosinophils
**VLA-4 is not expressed on neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Why do basophil and mast cell granules exhibit metachromatic staining? |
|
Definition
| contain histamine bound to proteoglycans (e.g. heparin, chondroitin sulfate) |
|
|
Term
| What interleukin targets basophils? |
|
Definition
IL-33
**enhances histamine release by IgE dependent mechanisms as well as cytokine secretion by blood basophils (IL-4, IL-8, IL-13) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major functions of monocytes/macrophages/dendritic cells? |
|
Definition
1. Phagocytosis
2. Antigen presentation to T lymphs
3. Immunomodulation of inflammation and hematopoiesis via cytokine production |
|
|
Term
| What cytokine is the most potent augmenter of macrophage function? |
|
Definition
IFN-gamma
*also activates M1 (inflammatory) macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What free radical is most important in antimicrobial killing as mediated by macrophages? |
|
Definition
| Nitric oxide (especially after interacting with superoxide to generate more toxic derivatives e.g. peroxynitritie) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells? |
|
Definition
| respond to viral infections with massive production of IFN-alpha |
|
|
Term
| What cells express MHC-II? |
|
Definition
Dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes
(vs. only dendritic cells express MHC-I (CD1) for presentation of cytosolic antigens) |
|
|
Term
| What are the predominant type of antigens that activate B lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
Membrane bound Ag (to B cell receptor, i.e. Ig receptor), and they don't need to be processed (unlike TCR, which can only recognize small peptide Ag presented in the context of MHC)
**B cells can also bing antigen with complement receptors independent of their B cell receptors |
|
|
Term
| Defect in what gene is associated with pelger-huet anomaly? |
|
Definition
Lamin B receptor
**LBR is an integral membrane protein in the nuclear envelope
Homozygous animals either die in utero or shortly after birth and have skeletal deformaties. It is an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance |
|
|
Term
| In which species/breed has idiopathic (presumably inherited) neutrophil hyper segmentation been described? |
|
Definition
Quarter horse
**no apparent clinical disease associated with neutrophil hypersegmentation in affected individuals |
|
|
Term
| T/F Purple granules in foal neutrophils are always a sign of toxic change |
|
Definition
False-
Healthy foals can have purple granules in their neutrophils at least for the first month of life. Distinguish from toxic granulation by the lack of additional toxic changes.
**horses are more likely to have toxic granulation as a toxic change than other species |
|
|
Term
| What gene is mutated in May-Hegglin anomaly, what are the clinical manifestations and what breed of dog has been reported? |
|
Definition
MYH9, this gene encodes the heavy chain of non-muscle myosin
Associated with leukocyte inclusions (pale blue fusiform inclusions that vaguely resemble dhole bodies or distemper inclusions), thrombocytopenia and macroplatelets.
Normal neutrophil function in this dog and no bleeding tendencies. |
|
|
Term
| What disease is often associated with the presence of siderotic inclusions in equine leukocytes? |
|
Definition
Equine infectious anemia
**siderotic inclusions are associated with hemolytic anemia and/or blood transfusions in all species |
|
|
Term
| What rickettsial species infect granulocytes? |
|
Definition
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Ehrlicia Ewingii
(in dogs) morulae may also be observed in joint fluid (commonly have IMPA), most frequent hematologic abnormality is thrombocytopenia +/- non regenerative anemia and lymphopenia
(in horses) often vasculitis with petechia and distal limb edema, hematologic findings include transient leukopenia, thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophil pyknosis and karyorrhexis has been reported in association with what toxicity in dogs? |
|
Definition
Amphetamine toxicity
*was suspected to be associated with high body temp and neutrophil apoptosis and karyrrhexis has also been reported in dogs with heat stroke |
|
|
Term
| What artifacts are observed in blood samples collected into EDTA and stored at rom temp for several hours? |
|
Definition
Neutrophil vacuolation (distinguish from toxic change by the lack of basophilia, dhole bodies and/or left shift)
May also see irregular cell membranes, uneven distribution of granules and pyknosis with prolonged storage |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophysiology of neutrophilia associated with corticosteroids? |
|
Definition
increased release of mature neutrophils from bone marrow storage pool (a few bands can also sneak out)
Decreased egress of neutrophils from blood into tissues |
|
|
Term
| How do IL-1 and TNF-alpha induce neutrophilia? |
|
Definition
| IL-1 and TNF-alpha stimulate production of GM-CSF and G-CSF |
|
|
Term
| What gene has been associated with abnormalities in leukocyte adhesion and marked neutrophilia, in a dog without beta2 integrin deficiency (LAD-type I)? |
|
Definition
Kindlin-3 deficiency (this deficiency resulted in inability to normally activate Beta 2 integrin, aka LAD-III)
**reported in a german shepherd, also associated with impaired platelet adhesion to endothelium and increased risk of hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What breed of dog is often reported to have a physiologic leukopenia with total WBC, absolute neutrophils and absolute lymphocyte counts below reference intervals in healthy individuals? |
|
Definition
| Belgian Tervuren dogs, only those living in North America |
|
|
Term
| How does inherited cobalamin deficiency affect leukocytes in dogs? |
|
Definition
| can be associated with leukopenia and bone marrow dysgranulopoiesis |
|
|
Term
| Which viral disease in horses is associated with leukopenia due to bone marrow neutrophil hypoplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ricketsial disease can cause bone marrow granulocytic hypoplasia in horses? |
|
Definition
Ehrlichia risticii (potomac horse fever)
*also often prominent lymphopenia |
|
|
Term
| What bone marrow finding would be expected in a neutropenic dog with cyclic hematapoiesis? |
|
Definition
| Granulocytic hypoplasia is expected if the bone marrow is sampled during a period of neutropenia |
|
|
Term
| What bone marrow finding is associated with G-CSF deficiency (reported in a young, neutropenic Rottweiler)? |
|
Definition
| maturation arrest at the progranulocyte-myelocyte stage |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of the granules observed in leukocytes (and other cell types) in animals with Chediak-Higashi syndrome? |
|
Definition
Giant blue-purple granules are observed that may arise from abnormal fusion of lysosomes during cell development.
*Neutrophils have decreased mobility and defective phagocytic/bacteriocidal responses. |
|
|
Term
| What gene has been associated with Chediak-Higashi syndrome in humans and mice? |
|
Definition
| Chediak-Higashi syndrome 1 (CHS1) gene |
|
|
Term
| In what species is neutropenia a common finding in animals affected with chediak-higashi syndrome? |
|
Definition
Cats
*large blue purple cytoplasm granules, |
|
|
Term
| Why do animals with chediak higashi syndrome exhibit a bleeding tendency? |
|
Definition
| Affected individuals have platelets that lack dense granules and a platelet storage pool deficiency |
|
|
Term
| In which dogs breeds has a impaired neutrophil function due to inadequate oxidant burst generation been reported? |
|
Definition
| Doberman pinscher and weimaraner |
|
|
Term
| What gene is associated with cyclic hematopoiesis in dogs? |
|
Definition
adaptor-related protein complex 3 (AP3)*
*involved in tracking vesicular cargo proteins including neutrophil elastase (NE) from the golgi to lysosomes. Affected dogs have decreased mature NE but increased amount of immature NE precursor proteins. NE appears to provide feedback inhibition to normal neutropoisesis. |
|
|
Term
| Disruptions in which protein is associated with cyclic neutropenia? |
|
Definition
Neutrophil elastase
**in dogs there is a mutation in AP3 a protein involved in trafficking vesicular cargo proteins, including neutrophil elastase, from golgi to lysosomes (where immature NE is processed into mature NE). Disruption in the normal NE mediated feedback inhibition of neutropoiesis results in cyclic periods of neutrophilia followed by neutropenia. |
|
|
Term
| What drug has been associated with eosinophilia in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mechanisms are associated with eosinopenia secondary to glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
Decreased bone marrow release (possibly as a result of upregulation of integrins on the surface of immature eosinophils).
Glucocorticoids also potentiate apoptosis of eosinophils
**typically increased numbers of eosinophils may be observed in bone marrow associated with glucocorticoids, long term glucocorticoid administration may further decrease eosinophil production secondary to decreased production of growth factors from lymphocytes (also decreased with glucocorticoids) |
|
|
Term
| T/F in contrast with dogs, mast cells are rarely seen in the blood of cats in the absence of mast cell neoplasia |
|
Definition
True
**in dogs low numbers of mast cells in the peripheral blood can be associated with inflammation, tissue necrosis and severe regenerative anemia |
|
|
Term
| What rickettsial organisms infect monocytes? |
|
Definition
Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Neorickettsia risticii (potomac horse fever)- can also infect dogs and cats, may be asymptomatic, often thrombocytopenia or else similar to other rickettsial disease in terms of clinical signs
*Morulae are rarely observed in blood smears, compared to A. phagocytophilum and E. ewingi |
|
|
Term
| What protozoa have been reported in blood mononuclear cells (lymphs and monocytes)? |
|
Definition
sarcocystis neurona
*reported in one immunosuppressed dog |
|
|
Term
| What parasitic diseases may be associated with lymphocytosis? |
|
Definition
dogs: spirocirca lupi, leishmania, babesia
cats: toxoplasma
sheep: coenurus cerebralis (tapeworm, domestic and wild canids are definitive host, which are infected by eating the intermediate host (sheep) that have Coenurus cysts in CNS)
multiple species: trypanosomiasis |
|
|
Term
| What bacterial disease has been associated with lymphocytosis in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What viral diseases have been associated with lymphocytosis? |
|
Definition
cats: FeLV
goats: caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
Cattle and sheep: BLV
dogs: recovery from parvovirus (acute disease is associated with pancytopenia) |
|
|
Term
| What type of lymphocytes are increased in cattle/sheep with BLV persistent lymphocytosis? |
|
Definition
B lymphocytes
*infected lymphocytes in which the virus is transcriptionally silenced survive and accumulate. BLV can also cause lymphoma which may be associated with secondary leukemic phase (but not typically) |
|
|
Term
| What lymphocyte immunophenotype is most commonly implicated in CLL in cats vs. dogs? |
|
Definition
| Both have T cell CLL most commonly but cats are typically CD4+ and dogs are typically CD8+ and granular |
|
|
Term
| What cytokine is most significantly implicated in lymphopenia associated with viral infections? |
|
Definition
type 1 interferons (esp. IFN-alpha)
**mediated by increased lymphocyte margination/tissue migration AND apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neoplastic lymphocytes in circulation (associated with epitheliotropic cutaneous T cell lymphoma)
*typically have convoluted to cerebriform nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What type of AML is most common in horses? |
|
Definition
myelomonocytic (M4)- myeloblasts and monoblasts >20% ANC, differentiated granulocytes or monocytes account for >20% NEC
Monocytic (M5)- monoblasts are increased but myeloblasts are not, M5a (monoblasts and promonocytes >80% NEC), M5b (20-70% NEC monoblasts and promonocytes with prominent monocyte maturation)
**AML is still rare in horses! |
|
|
