Term
| When you have no freaking idea what you are doing with a species, where should you start? |
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Definition
| History (including owner's experience and husbandry) and physical examination (your general feelings on the animal, posture, BCS, stress, anesthetise and look closer/image) |
|
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Term
| What are some considerations when working with wildlife? |
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Definition
- The aim of Tx is usually rehabilitate and release
- The vet is required to relieve pain, either through first aid, or euthanasia
- Wildlife are often very stressed due to handling
- Must have a wildlife licence to hold for more than 24hr
- Need location of capture for release
- PPE is always advised when dealing with wildlife |
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Term
| When should you consider euthanasia for wildlife? |
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Definition
- Severe injuries
- Injury that will resolve and leave the animal with a disability
- Poor prognosis is indicated
- The animal is infectious and poses a risk to other wildlife
- the animal is weak or sick and of a common species
- An orphan animal with a poor prognosis
- Lack of resources to provided adequate care
- Geriatric animals
- The animal is behaviourally unsuited for release |
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Term
| How can you euthanise wildlife? |
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Definition
- Cervical dislocation (can look bad to public, only for small animals/birds)
- Decapitation (Looks bad to public,only for small animals and birds)
- Gunshot (May look bad, possible human injury)
- Captive bolt (Looks bad, must be done at close range, animal should be restrained or sedated)
- Adjunct physical methods (cannot be sole method, follow with exsanguination, looks bad)
- Drugs or chemicals |
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Term
| How do you euthanasie a small mammal exotic? |
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Definition
| Gas it down and then euth with barbiturates (IV, IP, into heart, into spleen) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rub clove oil onto the skin and then euth with barbituates |
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|
Term
| How can you euth a seal animoo less than 8m long? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How should you euth a whale >8m? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of upper motor neuron disease? |
|
Definition
| - Increased urethral tone, increased muscle tone, Depression or loss of voluntary motor activity, gradual muscle wastage |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of lower motor neuron disease? |
|
Definition
| Spinal reflexes reduced or not present, decreased or absent muscle tone, rapid, severe atrophy |
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Term
| What are some specific signs of a spinal lesion between C1-C5? |
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Definition
- Resp difficulties
- Ataxia and paresis of all limbs
- Spinal reflexes normal to exaggerated
- Gradual atrophy
- May have hyperaesthersia |
|
|
Term
| What are some specific signs of a spinal lesion C6-T2? |
|
Definition
- Depressed response to proprioception in all 4 limbs
- Rarely see loss of pain sensation
- Often sever muscle wastage in the forelimbs |
|
|
Term
| What are some specific signs of a spinal lesion between T3-L3? |
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Definition
- Normal FL reflexes, normal or exagerated HL reflexes
- No muscle atrophy in FL, gradual atrophy in HL
- normal pain in FL, decreased or absent in HL |
|
|
Term
| How do creatinine kinase and AST interrelate? |
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Definition
CK and AST both increase with muscle damage, though CK increases 6-12hrs post injury and has a shorter half-life (HL of 2hrs)than AST.
AST increases 24-36hrs post insult and declines slowly.
So you can use it to pin point the start of the insult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The breakdown of muscle tissue, specifically, striated muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Why is rhabdomyolysis nephrotoxic? |
|
Definition
| Some of the metabolic products, such as myoglobin, cause damage to the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What signalment of horse is most at risk of developing rhabdo? |
|
Definition
-Nervous temperment
-Female
- 2-5 years of age
- TB, SB or Arab |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of equine rhabdo? |
|
Definition
Sporadic form - Dietary imbalances, or sudden overexertion can alter muscle blood flow
Recurrent form - Defect in skeletal muscle controlling extracellular calcium |
|
|
Term
| How can you treat equine rhabo? |
|
Definition
- Address fluid loss
- NSAIDs
- Minimise movement |
|
|
Term
| How can you prevent equine prevention? |
|
Definition
- Modify training schedule
- Avoid training intteruptions
- In high risk horses, feed a high fat diet
- Poss Vit E/Se supp |
|
|
Term
| What signalment of doggie is most at risk from developing rhabdo? |
|
Definition
- Working dogs
- Racing breeds |
|
|
Term
| how does rhabdo in dogs cause disease? |
|
Definition
-High intensity exercise
- Rapid anaerobic glycogen breakdown produces lactic acid
- Leads to oxidative damage |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat rhabdo in dogs? |
|
Definition
- Address fluid loss with Hartmanns
- Morphine
- Pred
- Dantrolene sodium |
|
|
Term
| How can you prevent rhabdo in dogs? |
|
Definition
- Ensure adequate fitness for activities
- Avoid irregular training
- Ensure sufficient nutrition
- Avoid stress |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors associated with capture myopathy in macropods? |
|
Definition
- Stress
- Poorly managed capture
- Being chased |
|
|
Term
| What causes capture myopathy in macropods? |
|
Definition
- Sudden overexertion
- Sudden accumulation of metabolites and an inability to supply sufficent nrg
- Accumulation of metabolites
- Cell damage |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat capture myopathy in macropods? |
|
Definition
- Sedate/anaesthetise to reduce ongoing exertion
- FLuids
- Dantrolene sodium
- Corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| How does rhabdo in horses, dogs and macropods differ? |
|
Definition
| Horses and dogs are more caused by over exertion, while macropods is assoicated with stress |
|
|
Term
| What is the aim of treatment for acute renal failure? |
|
Definition
| Aiming for urine prod of 1-2ml/kg/hr within a few hours of starting fluids |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat acute renal failure? |
|
Definition
- Correct fluid imbalance
- Correct hyperkalaemia (Mild - IV fluids @ shock rates, Moderate-severe - Ca gluconate, insulin and dextrose, bicarb therapy)
- Correct metabolic acidosis (bicarb therapy, as above)
- Promote diuresis after normovolaemia (mannitol or frusimide)
- Monitor |
|
|
Term
| When are fluids indicated? |
|
Definition
Shock
Vomiting or diarrhoea
Hypovolaemia |
|
|
Term
| When should fluids be warmed? |
|
Definition
| Shock, warm them to the body temp of the animal they are being given to |
|
|
Term
| How can you administer fluids for mild dehydration? |
|
Definition
| Oral (maintenance) or subcut (maintenance and replacement) |
|
|
Term
| How can you administer fluids for severe dehydration? |
|
Definition
| IV or intraosseous, both good for resus |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of capture myopathy in wildlife? |
|
Definition
- Tachypnoea
- Tachycardia
- Hyperthermia
- Myoglobinuria
- Can't hold head in normal position
- Weakness and collapse |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for CSF tap? |
|
Definition
- Suspect CNS inflammation
- Infection
- Trauma
- Neoplasia
- Degeeration of CNS
- Toxic
- Support CNS disorder
- Prior to myelogram |
|
|
Term
| What are the contraindications for CSF tap? |
|
Definition
- Acute head trauma
- Active or decompensated hydrocephalus
- RABIES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Cerebellomedullary cistern or Lumbar subarachnoid space
- Inform pathologist of collection site
- Get a spinal needle (22G, 1.5")
- Surgically prepare site in lateral recumbency
- Elevate sternum
- Insert needle just lateral to the most cadual aspect of L6 spinous process, angle needle at 10 degrees cranial
- Advance slowly
- Advanc the needle through to the floor and then back up 1-2mm
- Remove stylet and then look for CSF
- No flow? Slowly withdraw a few mm at a time |
|
|
Term
| What are the normal gross characteristics of CSF? |
|
Definition
| Clear, colourless and does not coagulate |
|
|
Term
| What are the normal cell counts for CSF? |
|
Definition
| Free of RBCs, and less than 0.008x10^9/L (though may be higher in cisternal than lumbar) |
|
|
Term
| What class of fluid is CSF? |
|
Definition
| Ultra filtrate, so low molecular weight proteins are there (albumin for e.g.) |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of tetanus? |
|
Definition
Stiff gait, erect ears, elevated rail, contraction of facial muscles
Recumbency, extended ridgent limbs, ridgid arched back
Inaqdequate ventilation |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat tetanus? |
|
Definition
Aqueous penicillin, continue at high rates until clinical recovery
Also, tetanus antitoxin, diazepam, supportive therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Caused by dichelobacter nodus and fusobacterium necrophorum
Aka oral necrobacillosis
Mandibular or maxillary swelling
Inappetence, dysphagia, halitosis, increased salivation, unilateral occular discharge, toxaemia |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose lumpy jaw? |
|
Definition
Clinical signs
Oral exam
Radiology
Bloods |
|
|
Term
| What species does lumpy jaw affect? |
|
Definition
Kangaroo
Cattle
Others....? |
|
|
Term
| how can you treat lumpy jaw? |
|
Definition
| Surgical debridement, flushing with antibiotics, pack with dental paste, antibiotics until the resolution of clinical signs, analgesia |
|
|
Term
| What species of bacteria are likely to be involved in oral lesions? |
|
Definition
Actinomyces
Streptococcus
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Dichelobacter nodus
Staphylococcus
Canidia |
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate pulmonary oedema from pulmonary abscessation? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary oedema - effusion of serous fluid into the interstitial tissues and alveoli
- Depth and rate of breath increased
- Abdominal and thoracic movement
- Loud breath sounds
- Soft moist cough
Pneumonia
- Rapid, shallow breath
- Coughing
- Poss nasal discharge
- Poss halitosis
Rads
- Abscessation/pneumonia
- Rad reatures are non-specific
- Alveolar pattern
- Concurrent bronchial pattern
- Absence of cardiomegaly
- Poss see abscess no rads |
|
|
Term
| Where would you get proteus morganii? |
|
Definition
| It is a commensal of the intestinal tract of mammals |
|
|
Term
| What samples are required for toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
Blood and faeces for cats
Aborted material
Humans - serology |
|
|
Term
| Can you tell this is the point I gave in? |
|
Definition
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