Term
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Definition
| -nitrongeous basic substances |
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Term
| What toxins are in chocolate? |
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Definition
| -methylxanthines: theobromine, caffeine |
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Term
| The (less/more) sweet the chocolate, the (less/more) toxic it is. |
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Definition
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Term
| Does caffeine or theobromine have a higher LD50? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does chocolate stimulate the reale of? |
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Definition
| -catecholaminesL: epinepherine, norepinepherine |
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Term
| What does chocolate do at a cellular level? |
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Definition
-competitively antagonizes cellular adenosine receptors: CNS stimulation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction
-thus increases intracellular Ca concentration |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of chocolate toxicity? |
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Definition
-classic sugar high
-vomiting and diarrhea
-diuresis
-restlessness, hyperactivity
-tachycardia, VPC's
-tachypnea
-tremors, seizures
-hypokalemia |
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Term
| What do we give to eliminate chocolate and promote excretion? |
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Definition
-emesis
-activated charcoal
-saline cathertics
-fluid therapy
-urinary catheterization to dec reab from bladder |
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Term
| In addition to aiding excretion, what other drugs to we give in the case of chocolate toxicity and for what purposes? |
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Definition
-sedation: Acepromazine
-Tachyarrhythmias: lidocaine
-Tremors/seizures: diazepam, phenobarbital |
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Term
| What are the effects of serotonin on the CNS? PNS? |
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Definition
-CNS: wakefulness, food intake, thermoreg, behavior, emesis, nociception, motor tone, sexual behavior, perception
-PNS: regulate vascular tone, GI motility, platelets, wound healing, pain |
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Term
| What are the effects of Dopamine on the CNS? PNS? |
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Definition
-CNS: neuro treat, behavior, cognition, voluntary movement, sleep, mood, attention, memory, learning
-PNS: vasodilation (inc organ perfusion, inc renal blood flow, inc urine pdn, inc CO), can cause vasoconstriction and inc BP at high doses |
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Term
| What are the effects of NE at CNS? PNS? |
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Definition
-CNS: attention, responses, fight or flight
-PNS: inc HR, release of glucose from E stores, inc blood flow to skeletal muscle, inc brain's oxygen supply |
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Term
| What physiologically increases the effects of illicit drugs as a whole? |
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Definition
| -excessive release of serotonin/dopamine/NE at presynaptic neurons |
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Term
| What are the three pathways to being high? |
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Definition
-inc synth from inc precursors
-inc release from presynaptic neurons (Amphetamines, cocaine, pseudoephedrine)
-dec metabolism: MAO inhibitors
-block of reuptake: tricyclic antidepressants, opioids, cocaine, chlorpheniramine
-stim of Rc by agonists: buspirone, LSN, lithium |
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Term
| How are illicit drugs absorbed? |
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Definition
| -street drugs are quickly absorbed from the GIT, if ingested, and more quickly if injected, smoked or snorted |
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Term
| Describe the action of sympathomimetics. |
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Definition
-stimulate release of NE from stores in adrenergic nerve terminals
-directly stimulate alpha nad beta adrenergic Rc: release of endogenous catecholamines at synapses in the brain and heart |
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Term
| Describe the mentation changes that result from illicut drugs in dogs? |
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Definition
| -agitation, confusion, disorientation, screaming, excitement |
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Term
| What are the autonomic clinical signs resulting from illicit drugs in dogs? |
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Definition
| -diarrhea, mydriasis, tachycardia, tachypnea, hpertension, fever |
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Term
| What are the neuromuscular signs of illicit drugs in dogs? |
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Definition
| -hyperreflexia, myoclonus, tremors, rigidity, seizures, secondary hyperthermia, resp muscle compromise |
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Term
| What are the legal exmaples of amphetamines used for ADHD, weight loss, and narcolepsy? Illegal examples? |
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Definition
-Legal: Ritalin, Adderall, Pseudoephedrine, Ma Huang
-Illegal: meth, Excstasy |
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Term
| How long does it take for amphetamine to be absorbed? How is it metabolized and excreted? |
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Definition
-absorbed within 1-3 hours
-metabolized by liver and excreted by kidneys |
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Term
| Where in the body is cocaine absorbed well? When does it reach its peak concentrations? How is it metabolied and excreted? |
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Definition
-well absorbed from mucosal surfaces
-peak concentrations in 15 mins
-metabolized by liver and excreted in urine |
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Term
| How do we diagnose illicit drugs in dogs? |
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Definition
-confirmaiton of exposure is difficult due to an owner's unwillingess to provide an accurate history
-clinical presentaiton of an animal with exposure can be confusiong
-should be on rule out list for patients with acute behavior or neurological changes,
-collect blood, urine, and stomach contents |
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