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Foramen Ovale: Closes at birth and becomes the fossa ovale which separates blood from going to the atrium.
Coronary Sinus: Collection of veins joined together coming from periphery to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. |
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1. Arch of the Aorta
2. Superior Vena Cava
3. Pulmonary Artery
4. Right Pulmonary Veins
5. Right Atrium
6. Right Atrioventricular Valve (Tricuspid)
7. Right Ventricle
8. Inferior Vena Cava
9. Pulmonary Artery
10. Left Pulmonary Veins
11. Left Atrium
12. Mitral Valve
13. Aortic Valve
14. Left Ventricle
15. Aorta |
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| Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
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| Explain the blood flow through heart |
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| From the lower body, blood goes through the inferior vena cava into the right atrium. From the upper body, blood flows through the superior vena cava to the right atrium. From the right atrium, the blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle the blood flows through the pulmonary valve, then out the pulmonary arteries to the right and left lungs. From the lungs the oxygenated blood comes back through the pulmonary veins (4-5 vessels, almost one for every lung lobe.) The pulmonary veins bring the blood into the left atrium, and then through the Mitral valve to the left ventricle which then forces the blood out the aorta and to the rest of the body. |
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| How many openings are in the left atrium for vessels from the lungs? |
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| 4 or 5, almost one for each lobe. |
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| What muscles are on the walls of the ventricles? what are these muscles for? |
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Definition
| Trabeculli Cami Muscles. It is believed that they create extra resistance for blood pressure. |
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| What are Pectinate muscles? |
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Definition
| They are located on the auricles of the Atrium in the heart which is mostly smooth except for the lumps caused by these muscles. |
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| Where are Trabeculi Carni muscles located? |
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Definition
| On the walls of the ventricles. They are free standing papillary muscles. |
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| What are Chordae Tendinae? |
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Definition
| These are tendinous cords attached from the muscle of the ventricles to the valves. |
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| What goes through the Right Atrium? |
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Definition
| inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, with atrial-ventricular valve (tricuspid), Coronary sinus. |
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| What is the membranous part of the heart? |
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| The crowded area at the superior interior of the heart. Lots of vessels contained here. |
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| Left coronary artery, right coronary artery based on anatomical position. |
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Non-delineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue. Central compartment of the thoracic cavity. Contains heart, great vessels of heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest. |
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| includes the pericardium, heart, roots of vessels, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior vena cava |
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Fibroserous membrane that covers the heart. Begins at the great vessels. |
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the 2 layers of the pericardium... |
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Definition
External surface of fibrous pericardium, continuous w/ central tendon of diaphragm. Internal surface of fibrous pericardium is lined w/ glistening serous membrane --> parietal layer of serous pericardium |
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Aorta Pulmonary trunk & veins Superior & inferior vena cavae |
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Composed of Mesothelium Single layer of flattened cells forming on epithelium that lines both the internal surface of fibrous pericardium and external surface of heart. |
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Continuous w/ tunica adventitia of great vessels. Attach anteriorly to sternum = sternopericardial Ligaments Attach posteriorly to mediastinum = by loose connective tissue Continuous inferiorly w/ central tendon of diaphragm. |
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| Pericardiacophrenic Ligament |
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Definition
Inferior fibrous pericardial sac attach to the central tendon of diaphragm Holds heart in place in the fibrous sac. |
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Functions of the pericardium |
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Definition
Protect heart against sudden overfilling. b/c the pericardium is unyielding. |
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Space between the parietal & visceral layers Contains a thin film of fluid |
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| Visceral Layer of Pericardium |
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Definition
| make up the epicardium...the outermost layer of the heart wall. |
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| Transverse Pericardial Sinus |
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Definition
Lies between 2 groups of vessels. 1. aorta & pulmonary trunk 2. SVC, IVC, pulmonary vein |
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| Oblique Pericardial Sinus |
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Definition
Wide-pocket like recess in pericardial cavity posterior to base of heart. Formed by the left atrium. Contains the SVC, IVC, and the pulmonary vein. |
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Term
Arterial supply of the pericardium. |
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Definition
Pericardiacophrenic Artery...runs w/ phrenic nerve. Small contributions from: Musculophrenic artery Bronchial, esophageal, superior phrenic artery Conorary artery |
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| Venous Drainage of Pericardium |
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Definition
Pericardiacophrenic Veins Azygos Venous System |
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| Nerve Supply to Pericardium |
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Definition
Phrenic Nerve C3-C5 = Sensory Fibers C3-C5 = Dermatomes of ipsilateral supraclavicular Vagus Nerve Sympathetic trunks = Vasomotor |
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| Phrenic Nerve to Pericardium |
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Definition
Somatic Nerves Within Pleuropericardial Membranes |
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Fibroserous Sac. Contain Heart & Root of great vessels. Not elastic. Attach anteriorly & inferiorly to Sternum & Diaphragm. Hold heart @ mediastinal position. Limit expansion of heart. parietal layer sensitive - pain impulses by somatic phrenic nerve. |
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the synchronous pumping actions fo the heart's 2 AV pumps |
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| Ventricular elongation and filling |
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| Ventricular shorting and emptying |
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| the 3 layers of the heart? |
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Endocardium - think internal layer, made of endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue Myocardium - thick, helical middle layer, composed of caridac muscle Epicardium - think external layer, mesothelium, formed by the visceral layer of serous pericardium |
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Formed by inferolateral part of the left ventricle Lies posterior to the 5th intercostal space Remain motionless through cardiac cycle |
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Posterior aspect of the heart formed by left atrium, little by the right atrium Face posteriorly toward body of vertebrae receive pulmonary vein on right and left, superior/inferior vena cavae on top and bottom |
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Anterior (sternocostal) - right ventricle Diaphragmatric (inferior) - left & right ventricle, central tendon of diaphragm Right Pulmonary - right atrium Left Pulmonary - left ventricle - forms the cardiac impression fo the left lung |
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Right - slightly convex - right atrium, btw SVC & IVC Inferior - Oblique - Left and Right ventricle Left - Horizontal - Left ventricle & left auricle Superior - Left & Right atria and auricle |
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Forms the right border of heart Receive venous blood from SVC, IVC, Coronary sinus |
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| Conical muscular pouch that extend the capacity of the atrium |
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Separate the smooth & rough part of the aterial wall Shallow vertical groove |
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Separate the smooth & rough part of the aterial wall on the internal side Vertical ridges "Terminal crest" |
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| Opening of the SVC in relation to the body? |
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Definition
| at the 3rd costal cartilage |
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| Opening of the IVC in relation to the body? |
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| at the 5th costal cartilage |
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Separate Left and Right Atria Oval, thumbprint shape depression oval fossa |
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Superior part of the ventricle - arterial cone Infudibulum Leads into pulmonary trunk |
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Irregular muscular elevations on the inside of the right ventricle |
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also know as Tendinous Cords Attach to the free edges and ventricular surface of the anterior, posterior, and septal cusps. Arise from the papillary muscles |
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Begin to contract before contraction of the right ventricle Tightening the tendinous cords/chordae tendineae Drawing the cusps together - to prevent backflow |
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| The different papillary muscles of the right ventricle |
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Definition
Anterior papillary muscle - largest & arise from anterior wall of right ventricle. Tendinous cords attach to ant & post tricuspid valve Posterior papillary muscle - arise from inferior wall. Tendinous cords attach to post & septal cusps Septal papillary muscle - arise from interventricular septum. Tendinous cords attach to ant & septal cusps. |
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| Interventricular Septum (IVS) |
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- muscular & membranous part -strong, obliquely placed btw right and left ventricles -forms part of the wall of the ventricles more thickness on the left ventricle |
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| Septomarginal Trabecula (moderator band) |
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A curved muscular bundle that transverses the right ventricular chamber from the inferior part of the IVS to the base fo anterior papillary muscle |
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@ Apex of Conus Arteriosus @ left 3rd costal cartilage |
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Forms most fo the base of the heart Is Valveless, where right & left pulmonary veins enter |
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| Interior of the Left Atrium |
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Pectinate muscles 4 pulmonary veins Thicker wall then right atrium Interarterial Septum slopes postior and to the right Left AV orifice |
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Apex of the Heart Works harder then the right ventricle |
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| Interior of Left Ventricle |
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Walls are 2-3 x thicker than right ventricle walls cover w/ trabeculae carneae conical cavity is longer Anterior & Posterior Papillary mucles are larger Aortic Vestibule - leads to aortic orifice & valve Mitral Valve - Double -leaflet, guards left AV orifice |
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Surrounded by fibrous ring Start of ascending aorta |
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Has 2 cusps - ant and post Located posterior to sternum @ 4th costal level Each cusps receives tendinous cords from many papillary muscles |
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| Prevent the cusps from giving into the pressure of the ventricle during contraction |
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Semilunar btw left ventricle and ascend aorta @ level of 3rd intercostal space |
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3 Semilunar Cusps of Pulmonary valve - ant, right, left 3 Semilunar Cusps of Aorta valve - post, right, left No Tendinous Cords |
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| Apex of the angulated free edge |
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