realistic conflict theory

people dislike outgroup members because they feel like they're competing for resoucres

they join groups to benefit from cooperation to gain resources

stable oppression or false consciousness

suppressed group accepts dominating group's views and thus perpetuates prej

unstable oppression

subordinated group rejects steretypes and feels oppressed

self-categorization theory

categorizing oneself in a group becomes more likely as perceived differences between ingroup and outgroup grow

depends on feelings of "distinctiveness"

self-stereotyping

group members view themeslves in terms of (usually positive) stereotype they have of their group

happens more often when group member feels outnumbered by outgroup

*less for people w complex self-identities

optimal distinctiveness theory

we tend to associate with groups that allow a good balance - they let us be ourselves but still be part of the group

chronic identities

ones that are always with us, regardless of situation

relative deprivation

feeling like you are worse off compared to old times, or to other people

leads to prejudice through blaming other groups for deprivation

(low) distributive justice

perception that outcomes are not being distributed fairly, but rather due to something unfair like ingroup favoritism

leads to feelings of dissatisfaction and resentment

procedural justice

fairness of process by which rewards are distributed

contributes to feelings that come with low perceived distributive justice

ex: cheating

personal vs. group relative deprivation

group: leads people to discriminate

personal: does not

relative gratification

ALSO leads to feelings of discontent and resentment

because they might hold negative beliefs about outgroup to justify their advantaged position

frustration-aggression-displacement theory

explains scapegoating

when people can't take their anger out on whatever they're angry at, they choose someone else (usually someone powerless and salient)

ideological theory

new theory without much evidence

if there's not a clear cause for deprivation, people search for a reason

if that reason fits into an existing ideology, people adopt it...especially if the scapegoat is weak

leads to enhanced negative stereotypes of scapegoats

integrated THREAT THEORY

realistic conflict theory

social identity theory

relative deprivation theory

everyday/cultural racism

reflect assumption of americans that only correct social and cultural values are in european christian values

people who join hate groups might start with this, and end up with extraoridnary racism

critiques of social identity theory

allport on ingroups and outgroups

study on need for distinctiveness

students either told they're very typical, sort-of typical, or a weirdo

then asked how many people they think are at school with them

the ones with need for assimilation thought there were lots of people at school, and also that the group was not too inclusive

the ones with need for differentiation thought there were few people at school and wanted there to be less people

sherif rober's cave study

kids put into two groups and compete

• results in in-group favoritism

kids get together to solve a problem

• more of them have "best friends" in the other group

subtle vs. covert discrimination

the latter is purposeful, while the former is usually happening unconsiously

institutional discimination

norms, politices, practices associated with a social institution (such as family, religion, or education) result in different outcomes for members of different groups

organizational discrimination

manifestation of institutional discrimination in the contect of a particular organization

motivation to control prejudiced reactions

(2)

concern with acting prejudiced (internal)

restraint to avoid dispute  (external)

regressive prej

when people, under certain circumstances, express prejudice even though she usually doesnt act that way and doesnt think of herself as being prejudiced

disinhibitor

when ppl are anonymous, they're less likely to follow social norms

when ppl get caught being prej...

internal vs. external motivatoin...

internal: guilt

external: threat

study: do norms create prej. or release it?

p's review job applications, some are told beforehand that its better not to hire minorities

the ones that are told that, who are also high in prejudice, hired a lot less minorities.

BUT across the board, people hired whites more

so its an interaction

study: black vs. white prime:

pleasant or unpleasant?

white people found black prime less pleasant

obama voters rated black primes higher that mccain voters, but still not as high as white primes

*implicit and explicit attitudes seem to have both affected voting, but independently of each other

employment audit studies

applicants matched on credentials. in the face of ambiguity, discrimination occurs.

performance evalution in workplace

while men and women get same, men are still more often promoted

whites get higher evaluations than blacks but not hispanics

lost opportunities effect

differential treatment of minority groups results in different on-the-job oppotunities they may have

and messes up their self esteem

promotions and disrcimination

even with equal job performance ratings, promotions go to white men more

male advantages actually greater in female-dominated occupations

"sticky floor effect"

relative position of one's ethnic group gives people certain idea of where people in that group belong.

stereotype fit hypothesis

women don't have as many high power jobs because the stereotypes of those jobs go along with male steretypes, but not female

this can influence performance evaluations

works in lower and higher level jobs

can help people, such as asians

shifting standards model

evaluations are subjective and have to do with what employers expect out of different employees

they go easier on women and blacks.

contemporary prej revolves around...

acting prej IF decisions can be attributed to other causes

mission-motivated hate crimes

actually having to do with bigotry

very rare

secondary victimization

people of a group feel victimized when someone else of their group is a victim in a hate crime.

due to fear that they could be the subject of a hate crime later

discrimination-affection paradox

people love and hate women at once

may have something to do with how we focus on women who aren't in a traditional social role

subtypes of women and effects

family roles

ideologies

physical features

sexuality-related subtypes (low evalutions)

can also be looked at in terms of modern and traditional

• women in traditional roles are viewed more favorably

attitude toward women scale

assesses blatant prejudice

Ambivalent Sexism Theory

it is common for people to hold both hostile and benevolent feelings toward women (often depends on particular woman's social role/subtype)

may have somethign to do with discrimination-affection paradox

glass escalator

men in women-dominated jobs are more quickly promoted

"sticky floor" - women stuck in women-dominated jobs

same-sex and mixed sex dyads

in same-sex, more dominant personality women are in charge

in mixed sex, men are in charge no matter what

facism

men's faces are portrayed more and women's bodies are portrayed more

sexist commercials-study of effects on women

effect of generic masculine on employment ads

legitimizing ideology and sexism