Term
|
Definition
Study of the mind
scientific method of mental processes and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Human behavior is caused by lawful patterns and can be predicted
-behavior is ultimately determined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The belief that there are absolutely no limitations on people's power of free choice |
|
|
Term
| Probabilistic Determinism |
|
Definition
| Psychological phenomena cannot be teremined 100% but can be reasonably understood using scientific methods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Structuralism: sought to identify the components of the conscious mind
-world's first psychologist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Functionalism: how the conscious mind helps humans survive and successfully adapt to their environment
-America's first psychologist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Psychoanalysis: how the unconscious mind shapes behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviorism: only observable behaviors can be legitimate topics for scientific inquiry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gestalt Psychology: how the mind activelyorganizes stimuli into meaningful wholes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 approaches of psychology that influence theory and research today |
|
Definition
| Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism |
|
|
Term
-Humanistic Psychology
-Positive Psychology |
|
Definition
| highlight personal growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Analyzes how the mind organizes and interprests experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focuses of the nercous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Studies how behavior is shaped by social and cultural processes |
|
|
Term
| Conducting Scientific Study: 1st Step |
|
Definition
| Selecting Topic + Searching Literature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Predictive Therapy
-Internal Coherence
-Economy
-Fertility |
|
|
Term
| Why do we Institutional Review Boards? |
|
Definition
| ensures protection and welfare of participants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quantitative measure of sample's characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-infer
-state whether data supports/unsupports research hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Commonly Used Scientific Methods |
|
Definition
-Observational
-Correlational
-Experimental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observing behavior as it happens in nature |
|
|
Term
| Observational Research: Naturalistic Observation |
|
Definition
Observing sample in natural habitat
i.e. Gorrillas in jungle, kids on playground
Adv: realistic
Disadv: no control |
|
|
Term
| Observational Research: Participant Observation |
|
Definition
researcher participates in study with samples
Adv: researcher can understand from being involved
Disadv: might alter results |
|
|
Term
| Observational Research: Case Study |
|
Definition
in-depth analysis of a single subject
Adv: In depth analysis
Disadv: 1 person can't generalize to population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Examines relationships between 2 naturally occuring variables
Correlational Coeficient: (r)
i.e. help make predictions
a) Inderect Correlation (-)
b) Direct Correlation (+)
c) Zero Correlation (0.0)
d) Curvilinear Relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
research designed to test cause-effect relationships between variables
Cause: Independent Variable (manipulated)
Effect: Dependent Variable (not manipulated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Specialized cells in nervous system that send and receive information
-dendrites
-soma
-axon
-terminal buttons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure that speeds the transmission of signals in neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
portion of N.S. locating in vertebrate
-brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
| portion of N.S. containing all nerves throughout body (located away from central N.S.) |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral NS: Somatic NS |
|
Definition
Division of NS that controls skeletal muscle
-Voluntary |
|
|
Term
| 1) Peripheral NS: 2) Autonomic NS |
|
Definition
Controls movements of nonskeletal muscles
-Involuntary |
|
|
Term
1) Per
2) Autonomic NS: 3) Sympathetic NS |
|
Definition
| Activates body's energy to fluctuate to various situations |
|
|
Term
1) Per
2) Autonomic NS: 4) Parasympathetic NS |
|
Definition
| Acts to conserve and maintain body's energy ((homeostasis)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bathes spinal fluid and surrounds brain
-secreted by brain (clear, cushioning fluid) |
|
|
Term
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) |
|
Definition
| brain-imaging technique that records "waves" of electrical activity in the brain using metal electrodes placed on a person's scalp |
|
|
Term
| Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) |
|
Definition
| A brain-imaging technique that combines thousands of X-Ray brain photographs to construct a cross-sectional picture of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
| A brain-imaging technique that produces three-dimensional images of the brain's soft tissues by detecting magnetic activity from nuclear particles in brain molecules |
|
|
Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| A brain-imaging technique that measures over several minutes, the average amount of neural activity in different brain region's consumption of the sugar glucose, the brain's chemical fuel |
|
|
Term
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
|
Definition
| A brain-imaging technique that measures, over a few seconds, the average neural activity in different brain regions by showing fluctuations in blood oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two main parts of cerebral cortex: right and left hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Right Cerebral Hemisphere |
|
Definition
-Visual and sptial tasks
-Recognizing nonlinguistic sounds
-identifying faces
-perceiving and expressing emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Language
-Logic
-Providing explanations for events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Region of the brain above the spinal cord
-contains: medulla, pons, and cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls breathing, heart rate, swallowing, and digestion, allows us to maintain upright posture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
above medulla
-controls sleep and arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates and coordinates basic motor activities and may also play a role in learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
above hindbrain that contains the reticular formation
-Reticular formation involved in regulation and maintenance of consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region front ofmidbrain -contains: cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothlamus, and limbic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-brain's ability to alter its neural connections following damage
-allows brain to function at a high level with one hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of how the genotype and the environment of an organism influence its behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biologically based
i.e. male or female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Culturally Based
-meaning by society or individuals that make male/female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first two weeks of prenatal development, from conception until the zygote implants itself in the wall of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the second stage of prenatal development, lasting form the third week through the eight week of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The last and longest stage in prenatal development, extending from the ninth week after conception until birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any disease, drug , and other noxious agent that causes abnormal prenatal development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because they are believed to be holdovers from our evolutionary history that have outlived their usefulness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic need: strong emotional bond young child forms with primary caregiver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contact comfort is the primary ingredient
-food alone will not create attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fear and distress that infants often display when approached by an unfamiliar person
healthy attachment if child gets anxious w/out parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fear and distress that infants display when separated from their primary caregiver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secure Attachment Style: parents foster to their children's needs and emotional signals
-allows to be trusting and worthy of others' love
Insecure attachment style: parents pay less attention to their infants and respond more on their own needs and desires
-cannot rely on others and is unworthy of love |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
react positively to new situations or stimuli
i.e. people and toys |
|
|
Term
| Slow-to-Warm-Up Temperament |
|
Definition
-often have low activity level
-withdraw from new situations
-adapt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
React to new situations by crying or fussing
-irregular sleep/eat patterns |
|
|
Term
| Cultural Shape attachment Style |
|
Definition
different cultural methods of raising child
i.e. multiple people child-rearing, Germans don't pick up babies when crying and give toys while Japanese always pick baby up |
|
|
Term
| Longitudinal Study about divorce |
|
Definition
| parental divorce had a moderate, long term negative impact on mental health of 12% kids after they grew up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| story person constructs about self through social interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning societal ways well enough to function to its rules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seeing self in different perspective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Person's overall evaluation of self-concept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| show guidance but allow a little bit of freedom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very strict and rarely grant freedom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow kids to do as they would like and don't believe in authoritative action and guidance society values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
socially defined expectations that people in given situations should fulfill
i.e. son, daughter, student, employee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attributes, behaviors, and social roles characteristic to males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attributes, behaviors, and social roles characteristic to females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexism against women that could be either positive or negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge that one is a male/female and internalized into one's self-concept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Individualist
Cognitive Development: stages of different types of thinking, building upon stages preceding it |
|
|
Term
| Piaget's Theory: Sensorimotor Stage |
|
Definition
experiencing the world through actions
i.e. Object permanence, Stranger anxiety |
|
|
Term
| Piaget's Theory: Pre-operational Stage |
|
Definition
representing things with words and images but having no logical reasoning
i.e. Pretend Play, Egocentrism, Language |
|
|
Term
| Piaget's Theory: Concrete Operational |
|
Definition
thinking logically about concrete events, understanding concrete analogies and arithmetic
i.e. Conservation, Mathematical, Transformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abstract reasoning
i.e. abstract logic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commonsense knowledge about other people's mental states that allows to understand/predict their behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Collectivist
stresses instruction and guidance |
|
|
Term
| Vgotsky Theory: Private Speech |
|
Definition
| Self-directed language with previous guidance from teacher form |
|
|
Term
| Vgotsky Theory: Internalization |
|
Definition
| cognitive process when people absorb knowledge from social surroundings |
|
|
Term
| Vgotsky's Theory: Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) |
|
Definition
| cognitive range of what child can do (lower limit) and what child can do with guidance (upper limit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people pass through three levels of Moral Development i.e. Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional |
|
|
Term
| Kohlberg Theory: Preconventional Level |
|
Definition
| punishment and reward 1) Avoid punishment 2) Behave nicely in exchange for future favors |
|
|
Term
| Kohlberg Theory: Conventional Level |
|
Definition
Social Norms
3) Live up to others' expectations
4) Follow rules to maintain social order (LAWS) |
|
|
Term
| Kohlberg Theory: Postconventional Level |
|
Definition
Moral Codes, More abstract, universal principles
-usually apparent in Individualist Cultures
5) Adhere to social contact when valid
6) higher moral/ethical principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transition between childhood and adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| late teens to mid twenties when relatively free from adult responsibilities and expectations |
|
|
Term
| Primary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
internal changes
i.e. reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
| Secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
external phenotypic changes
i.e. breast enlargement, widening of hips, facial hair, deeper voice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adolescent belief their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are constantly being focused on by others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adolescent belief that their experiences are unique and no one understands or can empathize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
personal identification with particular ethnic group
3 Stages
Stage 1: unexamined ethnic identity (discrimination)
Stage 2: Ethnic identity search (pride)
Stage 3: Achieved ethnic identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GenNexters: current generation of youth who focus on individualistic values: unique and distinct
-more tollerant of societal differences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive deterioration of the body that culminates in death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory that keeping physically and mentally active is necessary for life satisfaction in late adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prejudice/discrimination against people based on age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perspective that elderly people are capable of making contributions to society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive and irreversible brain disorder -strikes older people -memory loss and other symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expert knowledge and judgment about important, difficult, uncertain questions associated with meaning / conduct of life. |
|
|
