Term
Sonic Headgehog Gene
Wnt-7
FGF
Homeobox |
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Definition
1. Base of limbs, ant/post axis
2. Apical ectodermal ridge, dorsal ventral axis
3. Apical ectodermal ridge, lengthening
4. craniocaudal segmentation (appendages in wrong place) |
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Term
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Definition
hCG secretion after implantation
2 layers, 2 weeks (epiblast and hypoblast)
3 layers, 3 weeks, neural plate begins to form |
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Term
weeks 3-8
week 4
week 8
week 10 |
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Definition
NT formed by neuroectoderm
heart begins to beat
fetal movement
genitalia |
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Term
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Definition
Adenohypophysis, lens of eye, organs of the ear, spitheium of oral cavity, olfactory epithelium, anus (below line)
Parotid sweat and mammary glands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
PNS and non neural structures nearby
chromaffin cells of medulla, melanocytes, pia and arachnoid mater, bones of the scull, odontoblasts, AP septum |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle and bone, CT, spleen, CV structures, lymphatics, blood, wall of gut tube, wall of bladder, urethra, vagina kidneys, adrenal cortex, dermis, testes, ovaries |
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Term
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Definition
| Gut tube epithelium, luminal epithelial derivatives, lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, eustachian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells |
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Term
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Definition
Vertebra defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
TE fistula
Renal Defects
Limb defects |
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Term
Teratogens
ACEI
Alkylating agents
AGs
Carbemazepine
DES |
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Definition
ACEI- renal damage
Alky;ating agents- absence of digits
AGs- hearing damage (CN8)
Carb-NTDs, fingernail hypoplasia, IUGR
DES- vaginal clear cell |
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Term
Teratogens
Folate antagonists
Lithium
Phenytoin
Tetracyclines
Thalidomide
Valproate
Warfarin |
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Definition
FA- NTDs
Li- Ebsteins anomaly
Phenytoin-fetal hydantoin syndrome: microcephaly, dysmorphic features, hypo plastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, MR
Tetracylcines- teeth
Thalidomide - flippers
Valproate - NTDs (blocks folate)
Warfarin - Fetal hemorrhage, abortion, opthamologic abnormaltities |
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Term
Iodide
Maternal DM
Vitamin A |
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Definition
Iodide- cretinism (hypothyroidism)
DM- Caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to syringomyelia), heart defects, NTD
Vit A- spontaneous abortions, Clefts lip and palate, cardiac anomalies |
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Term
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Definition
3rd week yolk sac Alantois, duct between yolk sac and bladder
Patent- urine from umbilicus
Vesicourachal diverticulum- out pouching of bladder |
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Term
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Definition
7th week, obliterates. Connects yolk sac to the midgut lumen
Fistula- meconium discharge form the umbilicus
Meckel's diverticulum - partial closure, with patent portion attached to the ileum. May have ectopic gastric mucosa. |
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Term
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Definition
1- maxillary aa
2- Stapedial aa and Hyoid aa
3- Common carotid
4- aortic arch and R subclavian
6- pulmonary aa, ductus arteriosus |
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Term
Branchial cleft derivatives (ectoderm)
1
2-4 |
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Definition
1- external auditory meatus
2,3,4- temproary cervical sinuses
Persistent sinus- branchial cleft cyst, lateral neck, no movement |
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Term
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Definition
C- meckels cartilage, (mandible, malleus, incus, sheno-mandibular ligament)
M- Mm of mastication, mylohyoid, ant belly digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, and 2/3 tongue
N- maxillary and mandibular (CN 5)
Treacher collins syndrome: NC fails to migrate. Mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
C- stapes, styloid process, lesser horn hyoid, Stylohyiod lig
M- mm facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post belly digastric "smile mm"
N- CN 7 |
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Term
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Definition
C- greater horn of hyoid
M- Stylopharyngeus, Glossopharyngeal nerve
N- CN 9
Congenital pharyngocuteaneous fistula- persistence of cleft and pouch, fistula between tonsilar area, cleft in lateral neck |
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Term
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Definition
C- thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform
M- (4) most pharyngeal constrictirs, cricothyroid, LVP
(6)- all intrinsic Mm of larynx except cricothyroid
N- (4) CN10 (superior laryngeal branch)
(6) CN 10, recurrent laryngeal branch
Arches 3/4 form the posterior tongue |
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Term
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Definition
1- middle ear, eustachian tubes, mastoid ear cells
2- Palatine tonsil
3- inferior PTs, thymus
4- superior PTs |
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Term
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Definition
RET mutation
adrenal medulla- pheochromocytoma
PT- tumor of 3/4 pouches
parafollicular cells - medullary thyroid cancer (NC cells, 4/5 BP) |
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Term
Genital tuberacle
Urogenital sinus
Urogenital folds
Labioscrotal swelling |
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Definition
GT- Glans penis, CC, CS (glans clitoris, vestibular bulbs)
US- bulbourethral glands, prostate (Bartholin glands, urethral and paraurethral glands)
UF- ventral shaft of penis (labia minora)
LS- scrotum (labia majora) |
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Term
| Lymphatic Drainage of the vagina, uterus |
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Definition
Distal 1/3 - superficial inguinal nodes
Proximal 2/3 - obturator, external iliac, hypogastric nodes |
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Term
| Suspensory ligament of ovaries |
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Definition
ovaries to lateral wall
ovarian vessels
ureter at risk during ligation |
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Term
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Definition
cervix to the side wall of pelvis
uterine vessels |
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Term
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Definition
uterine fundus to the labia majora
artery of sampson
gubernaculum remnant, through round inguinal canal |
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Term
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Definition
| uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries to the pelvic wall |
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Term
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Definition
medial pole of ovary to the lateral uterus
gubernaculum remnant |
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Term
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Definition
inhibin- blocks FSH
ABP- maintains local testosterone levels
Tight junctions- forms the BTB
Antimullerian hormone |
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Term
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Definition
Testosterone secretion
Unaffected by temperature |
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Term
| Regulation of spermatogenesis |
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Definition
GnRH - hypothalamus to AP
FSH - stim sertoli cells to make ABP, inhibin
LH - stim leydig cells to make testosterone
Inhibin - blocks the AP
Testosterone - NF on AP, hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
early differentiation of the penis, scrotum, prostate
late prostate growth, balding, sebaceous gland activity |
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Term
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Definition
Ovary - 17Bestradiol
Placenta - estriol
Adipose - estrone via aromatization |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased myometrial excitability, endometrial proliferation, Upreg estrogen, progesterone and LH receptors, stimulation of prolactin secretion (blocks action at breast), increased transport proteins (^HDL) |
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Term
LH actions
"The long hikes in the desert can be cold at night" |
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Definition
| LH stimulates cholesterol conversion to andrestenedione by desmolase in the Theca cell |
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Term
FSH actions
"Fish have a grand aroma in any estruary" |
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Definition
| FSH stimulates converison of androstenedione to Estrogen via aromatase in the Granulosa cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Corpus Leuteum, placenta, adrenal cortex and testes |
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Term
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Definition
Stim endometrial secretions and spiral artery development
Maintains pregnancy
Prod thick mucus which blocks sperm entry into the uterus
Blocks LH and FSH
Decreased estrogen receptor expressivity |
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Term
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Definition
Increased estrogen, increased GnRH R on AP
Estrogen surge stimulates the LH surge |
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Term
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Definition
1 oocytes begin meiosis 1 in fetal life
M1 arrested in Prophase 1 until ovulation
M2 arrested in metaphase 2 until fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| After labor, dec progesterone disinhibits lactation. Suckling is required for maintanence, since nerve stim increases prolactin and oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
maintains the CL, thus progesterone for the first trimester by acting like LH
Elevated hcg in pathologic states |
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Term
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Definition
| Menopause, from lack of Feedback inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
47 XXY, barr body
Testicular atrophy, tall long extremities, gynecomastia, female body shape
Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules, dec inhibin, ^FSH
Abnormal leydig cells, dec testosterone, ^estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
45 XO, no barr body
Short stature, streak ovary, bicuspid aortic valve, webbing of neck, preductal coarct, horshoekidney
dec estrogen leads to ^LH and FSH |
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Term
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Definition
XYY
Normal, very tall, severe acne, antisocial behavior
Possible autism |
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Term
| Female Pseudohemaphrodite (XX) |
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Definition
Exposure to excessive androgens during pregnancy
Ovaries present, external genitalia ambiguous |
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Term
| Male Pseudohemaphrodite (XY) |
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Definition
Androgen Insensitivity hormone (testicular feminization)
Testes present, but external genitalia ambiguous |
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Term
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (46 XY) |
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Definition
Defect in receptors
Normal appearing female (female external genitalia)
Rudimentary vagina, uterus and fallopian tube not present
Increased testosterone, estrogen and LH |
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Term
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Definition
Autosomal recessive. Inability to convert testosterone to DHT
Ambiguous genitalia until puberty
Testosterone normal, LH maybe normal or high |
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Term
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Definition
Defective migration of GnRH cells and olfactory bulb
Decreased GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone and sperm count
Normal appearing female with no sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
46 XX (or XY)
Very elevated hCG, increased uterine size
2% convert to carcinoma
No fetal parts, from enucleated egg and 1 sperm
15-20% malignant trophoblastic dz |
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Term
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Definition
69 XXX, XXY, XYY
Slightly elevated hCG
Fetal parts present
2 sperm in 1 egg |
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Term
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Definition
Cystic swelling of the chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Honeycombed uterus or cluster of grapes
Snowstorm appearance on ultrasound
Tx methotrexate |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by placental ischemia due to impaired vasodilation of spiral arteries
Tx Magnesium Sulfate to prevent sizures |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets |
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Term
Abruptio Placentae
Placenta Accreta
Placenta Previa |
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Definition
AP- detachment from the implantation site; painful bleeding in the 3rd trimester
PA- placenta attachment to the myometrium; massive bleeding after birth
PP- Placenta attachment over cervical os; painless bleeding in any trimester |
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Term
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Definition
| Assoc with esophageal or duodenal atresia, anencephaly |
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Term
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Definition
Assoc eith placental insufficiency, bilateral reanl agenesis or posterior urethral valves in males
Can lead to potter syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
HPV 16 - p53, E6
HPV 18 - E7, Rb |
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Term
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Definition
| Koilocytes - Wrinkled raisinoid appearance of nucleus with perinuclear halo |
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Term
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Definition
| Gentamycin and clindamycin, +/- ampicillin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Abnormal gland proliferation cause by excess estrogen stim
Increased risk for carcinoma
Post medopausal bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
Peak 55-65 yrs, assoc with estrogen use without progesterone
Myometrial invasion, worse prognosis |
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Term
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Definition
Increased LH leads to an ovulation, no progesterone, hyperandrogenism.
Amennorrhea, infertility, hirsutism, obesity
Increased risk cancer
Tx: wt reduction, medroxyprogesterone, spironolactone, clomiphene |
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Term
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Definition
| bilateral, multiple, assoc with choriocarcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
Malignant (male seminoma)
Sheets uniform cells
Turner syndrome
hCG, LDH |
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Term
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Definition
Malignancy of trophoblastic tissue,
NO chorionic villi
increased frequency of theca-lutein cysts
Hematogenous spread to lungs
hCG |
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Term
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Definition
Aggressive in ovaries and sacrococcygeal area of children
Yellow friable mass
Schiller duval bodies (resemble glomeruli)
AFP |
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Term
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Definition
Mature - dermoid cyst, benign
Immature - aggressive malignant
Struma Ovarii - functional thyroid tissue (hyperthyroidism) |
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Term
| Serous cystadenoma/carcinoma |
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Definition
Bilateral, fallopian tube like epithelium
C- psammoma bodies |
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Term
| Mucinous cystadenoma/carcinoma |
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Definition
Multilocular lines by intestine like tissue
C- Pseudomyxoma peritonei: intraperitoneal accumulation of mutinous material from appendiceal or ovarian tumor |
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Term
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Definition
Benign and unilateral.
Looks like bladder
Solid, yellow tan color, appears encapsulated
Coffee bean nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
Ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax
"pulling sensation" in groin |
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Term
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Definition
Secretes estrogne
Call-exner bodies: small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions |
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Term
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Definition
GI malignancy, met to the ovaries
Mucin secreting signet ring cell
Adenocarcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
Small tumor in the lactiferous ducts, beneath the areola.
Serous or bloody discharge
Slight increased risk for carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
Large bulky mass, leaf like projections, most common in the 60's
Some may become malignant |
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Term
| Malignant breast tumor basics |
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Definition
Common in post menopause
Most common in the terminal duct lobular unit
estrogen exposure is an increased risk factor |
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Term
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Definition
| Fills the ductal lumen, from hyperplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| Ductal, caseous necrosis, paste like expression |
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Term
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Definition
Firm rock hard mass
Small glandular duct like cells, stellate morphology
Worst and most invasive |
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Term
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Definition
Indian File morphology
Bilateral with multiple lesions in same location
Inactivates ecadherin, ER, PR pos |
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Term
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Definition
| Fleshy, cellular, good prognosis |
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Term
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Definition
Dermal lymphatic invasion
p'eau d orange - neoplastic cells block lymph drainage
Nipple retraction |
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Term
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Definition
Eczematous patches on nipple
Large cells in the epidermis with clear halo
Underlying DCIS |
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Term
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Definition
Increased acini and interlobular fibrosis
Assoc with calcifications
Often confused with cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Spironolacton, Digitalis, Cimetidine, Alcohol, Ketoconazole |
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Term
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Definition
<35 - gonorrhea, chlamydia
>35 - ecoli, klebsiella, serratius, proteus |
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Term
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Definition
Nodular enlargement of the lateral and middle lobes
Tx terazosin, tamsulosin (relax smooth muscle), finasteride (blocks testosterone conversion) |
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Term
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Definition
Arises from the posterior lobe
Increased PSA and needle core biopsy
Osteoblastic mets in bone may develop in later stages
Increased AlkPhos and PSA |
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Term
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Definition
dec inhibin, increased FSH, increased LH
Normal testosterone levels
Assoc with germ cell tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| Most often on the left side because of the longer drainage route |
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Term
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Definition
Malignant, painless, homogenous testicular enlargement
Males 15-35
Large cells, watery cytoplasm "fried egg"
increased PLAP
Good prognosis |
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Term
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Definition
Yellow mucinous
Schiller Duval Bodies
Increased AFP |
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Term
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Definition
Increased hCG
Disordered syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast elements
Mets to the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
Often Malignant
Increased hCG and AFP |
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Term
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Definition
Malignant, painful
Glandular or papillary morphology |
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Term
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Definition
Reinke crystals
Gynecomastia
Golden brown color |
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Term
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Definition
| androblastoma from sex cord stroma |
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Term
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Definition
Old men
Lymphoma met to the testes
Aggressive |
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Term
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Definition
Asia, africa and the south america
Assoc HPV, lack of circumcision |
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Term
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Definition
| Bent penis due to fibrous tissue formation |
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Term
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Definition
GnRH analog
U- infertility, prostate cancer, uterine fibroids
T- nausea, vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
Finasteride
Flutamide
Ketoconazole
Spironolactone |
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Term
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Definition
5a-reductase inhibitor, leads to lower DHT
U- BPH, hair growth |
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Term
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Definition
Competetive inhibitor of androgens at the testosterone receptor
U- prostate carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits steroid synthesis
blocks 17,20- desmolase
U- PCOS, hirsutism
T - gynecomastia, amenorrhea |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits steroid binding
U- PCOS, hirsutism
T - gynecomastia, amenorrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| Clomiphene, Tamoxifen, Raloxifene |
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Term
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Definition
Partial agonist at estrogen receptor
Works in the hypothalamus
Prevents normal feedback inhibition, inc FSH and LH
U- infertility, PCOS
T- hot flashes, visual disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
| Antagonist on breast tissue used to tx recurrence of ER pos great cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Agonist on bone
Reduces resorption - for osteoporosis |
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Term
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Definition
Aromatase inhibitors, decreases estrogen
U- Post menopausal women with BC |
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Term
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Definition
Competetive inhibitor of progestins at progesterone Rs
Termination of pregnancy
Administered with misoprostol (PGE1) |
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Term
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Definition
B2 agonist that relaxes the uterus
U- reduces premature contractions |
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Term
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Definition
A1 antagonist used to tx BPH
inhibits smooth muslce contractions
Selective for a1AD |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits PDE5, causing increased cGMP, smooth muscle relaxation in the corpus cavernosum, increased blood flow, penile erection
T- life threatening hypotension in someone using nitrates |
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Term
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Definition
Synthetic androgen that acts as a partial agonist at androgen receptors
U- endometriosis and hereditary angioedema |
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