Term
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Definition
Foramen of Munro- channel between lateral and third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct- channel between third and fourth ventricle
Foramen of Luschka- Lateral off of fourth ventricle
Foramen of Magendie- Medial off of fourth ventricle |
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Term
| Communicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
Dec CSF absorption by ganulations
Leads to Inc ICP, papilledema, herniation |
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Term
| Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus |
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Definition
Results in inc subarachnoid space volume, no increase in CSF pressure
Expansion of ventricles distorts the corona radiate
Triad- unriary incontinence, ataxia, congnitive dysfunction |
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Term
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Definition
Appearance of inc CSF following brain atrophy
Alzheimers dz, picks dz, HIV
No triad, normal pressures |
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Term
| Non communicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
| Structural blockage of CSF circulation within the ventricular system |
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Term
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Definition
| c1-c7 exit above the corresponding vertebra, all others below |
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Term
| Spinal cord and assoc tracts |
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Definition
Dorsal columns- pressure, vibration, touch and proprioception (FC- lateral, upper body// FG- medial, lower body)
Lateral spinothalamic tract- pain and temperature
Ant Spinothalamic tract- crude touch, pressure
Lateral corticospinal- voluntary motor (legs lateral) |
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Term
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Definition
Medial Lemniscal Pathway- ascending pressure, vibration, fine touch, proprioception
Cell body in the DRG > ascends ipsilaterally > decussates in the medulla > ascends contra laterally in medial lemniscus
Synapse in the VPL |
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Term
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Definition
Lateral- pain, temperature
Anterior- crude touch, pressure
Cell body in the DRG > decussates at anterior white commisure > ascends contralaterally > synapse at VPL |
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Term
| Lateral Corticospinal tract |
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Definition
Descending voluntary movement of limbs
Descends ipsilaterally through IC until decussating at caudal medulla > descends contralaterally > synapse anterior horn |
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Term
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Definition
UMN: Hypertonia, Babinski, clasp knife spasticity
LMN: Hypotonia, Fasiculations |
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Term
| Polio and Werdnig Hoffman Dz |
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Definition
| LMN lesions only, due to the destruction of the anterior horns; flaccid paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly white matter of the cervical region; random and asymmetric lesions due to demyelination, scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus |
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Term
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Definition
Ant horn and lateral corticospinal tracts destruction
UMN and LMN lesions and signs
Defect in SOD1
Fasiculations with eventual atrophy; progressive
Tx: Riluzole modestly inc survival by dec glutamate release |
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Term
| Complete occlusion of the anterior spinal artery |
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Definition
Spares dorsal columns and lissauers tract
Upper thoracic ASA territory is a watershed area |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by tertiary syphilis
Degeneration of the dorsal columns and roots
Impaired sensation and proprioception and progressive sensory ataxia
Assoc Charcot's joints, shooting pain, Argyll Robertson pupil |
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Term
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Definition
Syrinx expands and damanges anterior white commisure of spinothalamic tract
Bilateral loss of pain and temp sensation
*seen with Chiari 1 malformation |
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Term
| Vit B12 or Vit E deficiency |
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Definition
Subacute combined degeneration
Demyelination of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts and spinocerebellar tracts
Ataxic gait, paresthesia, impaired position and vibration sense |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by polio virus
Replicates in oropharynx and small intestine before spreading via bloodstream to CNS
Destruction of anterior horn
Weakness, hypotonia, flaccid parylsis, atrophy, fasiculations
CSF with Inc WBCs with slight elevation of protein |
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Term
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Definition
Congenital degeneration of the anterior horns
Floppy baby with hypotonia and tongue fasiculations
Median age of death of 7 months
AR inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
AR tri nuc repeat disorder (GAA), gene that encodes frataxin
Impairment in mitochondrial functioning
Staggering gait, frequent falling, nystagmus, pea cavus, hammer toes, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (cause of death)
Kyphosclerosis in childhood |
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Term
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Definition
Hemisection of spinal cord
Ipsilateral UMN lesions below the level of lesion
Ipsilateral loss of vibration and proprioception below level
Contra pain and temp loss below level of lesion
Ipsi loss of all sensation at level
Ipsi LMN signs at level of lesion |
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Term
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Definition
Ptosis, anhidrosis, miosis
Assoc with lesion of spinal cord above T1
Pancoast tumor, BS syndrome, late stage syringomyelia |
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Term
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Definition
T4- nipples
T10- umbilicus
L4- kneecaps
S2, S3, S4- erection and sensation of penile and perianal zones |
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Term
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Definition
Bicpes- C5
Triceps- C7
Patella- L4
Achilles- S1 |
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Term
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Definition
Moro reflex- hang on for life, abduct/extend limbs when startled
Galant reflex- stroking along one side of the spine causes lateral flexion of body toward stimulated side |
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Term
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Definition
| melatonin secretion, circadian rhythm, |
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Term
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Definition
| Conjugate vertical gaze center |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to lesion in superior colliculi
Pinealoma |
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Term
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Definition
Smell
*only CN without thalamic nuclei relay to cortex
Sensory |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
SR, IR, MR, IO
Pupillary constriction (EW nucleus, muscarinic receptor)
accommodation, eyelid opening
Motor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mastication, facial sensation, somatosensation ant 2/3 tongue
Both |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Facial movement, ant 2/3 tongue taste, lacrimation, salivation (SM, SL), eyelid closing, stapedius muscle in ear
Both |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Taste and somatosensation to pos 2/3 of tongue, swallowing, salivation (PG), monitoring carotid body and sinus, stylopharyngeus (elevates pharynx, larynx)
Both |
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Term
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Definition
Taste from the epiglottis, swallowing, palate elevation, midline uvula, talking, coughing, monitoring aortic arch chemo and bark receptors
Both |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Midbrain- CN 3, 4
Pons- CN 5, 6, 7, 8
Medulla- CN 9, 10, 12
Spinal- CN 11
Lateral nuclei- Sensory, Alar plate |
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Term
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Definition
Corneal- (a) V1, (e) V2
Lacrimation- (a) V1, (e) V2
Jaw Jerk- (a) V3, (e) V3
Pupillary- (a) 2, (e) 3
Gag- (a) 9, (e) 10 |
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Term
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Definition
Nucleus solitarius- visceral sensory information (7,9,10)
Nucleus ambiguus- motor innervation pharynx, larynx, upper esophagous (9,10)
Dorsal motor nucleus- Sends autnomic (PS) fibers to heart, lungs and upper GI (10) |
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Term
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Definition
Cribiform plate (CN1)
Optic canal (2, opthalmic aa, central retinal vein)
Superior Orbital Fissure (3,4,V1, 6)
Foramen rotundum- V2
Foramen ovale- V3
Foramen spinosum- middle meningeal artery
Internal auditory meatus- (7, 8)
Jugular Foramen- (9,10,11, jugular vein)
Hypoglossal canal- 12
FM- (11, brain stem, vertebral arteries) |
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Term
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Definition
CN 3,4,V1, V2 and 6 all pass through sinus
Internal carotid and post ganglionic sympathetic fibers as well
Syndrome- opthalmoplegia and dec corneal and maxillary sensation with normal vision |
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Term
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Definition
| jaw deviates towards side of lesion due to unopposed force from the opposite pterygoid muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Uvula deviates away from side of lesion, weak side collapses |
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Term
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Definition
| Weakness turning head to contralateral side of lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| Tongue deviates towards side of lesion, due to weakened tongue muscles on the side of the lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| Localizes to the affected ear |
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Term
| Sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
| Localizes to unaffected ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Contralateral paralysis of the lower face |
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Term
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Definition
| Ipisilateral paralysis of whole side of face |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral facial paralysis with inability to close eye on affected side
Seen with Lyme disease, Herpes, AIDs, Sarcoidosis, Diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
3 muslces close the jaw- masseter, temporal is, medial pterygoid
1 muscle opens the jaw- lateral pterygoid |
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Term
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Definition
Hyperopia- Light focused behind retina
Myopia- Light focused in front of retina
Accommodation- ciliary mm tighten, zona fibers relax, lens becomes more convex
Presbyopia- dec ability for focusing, sclerosis and dec elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of uveal coat
Systemic inflammatory disorders
HLA-B27 assoc conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Edema and necrosis leading to a scar, often viral (CMV, HSV, HZV)
Assoc with immunosuppression |
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Term
| Central retinal artery occlusion |
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Definition
Acute, painless, monocular vision loss
Retinal whitening with cherry red spot |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral, then central vision loss, usually with Inc IOP
Optic disc atrophy with cupping
Assoc with inc age, AA race |
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Term
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Definition
Enlargment or forward movement of the lens against central iris leads to obstruction of normal aqueous flow
Acute- true emergency, very painful, sudden vision loss, halos around lights
*Do not give Epinephrine because of mydriatic effects |
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Term
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Definition
Bilateral painless opacification of the lens
Age, smoking, EtOH, sunlight, corticosteroid use
Classic galactosemia, galactokinase def, diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
Optic disc swelling due to Inc IOP
Enlarged blind spot and elevated optic disc with blurred margin |
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Term
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Definition
CN 3- looks down and out, ptosis and pupillary dilation
CN 4- eyes move upward, with head tilt
CN 6- medially directed eye cannot abduct |
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Term
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Definition
Miosis- PS, EW nucleus, to ciliary ganglion via CN3
Mydriasis- Symp, Hypothalamus to ciliospinal center of Budge
Exit at T1 for superior cervical gangion
Enters orbit as long ciliary nerve |
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Term
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Definition
Light in either retina sends signal to pretectal nuclei via CN 2
Activate bilateral EW nuclei > pupils contract |
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Term
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Definition
| Affarent pupillary defect |
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Term
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Definition
PS control is in periphery of nerve, lost first by compression
"Blown pupil" |
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Term
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Definition
Separation of neurosensory layer of retina
from outermost pigmented epithelium
Degeneration of photoreceptors > vision loss
"Curtain drawn down" |
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Term
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Definition
Deposition go yellow extracellular material beneath retinal pigment epithelium with gradual vision loss
Prevent with vitamins and antioxidants |
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Term
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Definition
Rapid loss of vision due to bleeding (choroidal neovascularization)
Tx with anti-VEGF injections or laser |
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Term
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Definition
Left upper quadrant anopia - R temporal lesion, MCA
Left lower quadrant anoxia - R parietal lesion, MCA
Left hemianopia with macular sparing - PCA infarct |
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Term
| Internuclear Opthalmoplegia |
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Definition
Medial Longitudenal Fasiculus- allowed cross talk between CN 6 and 3 for coordination horizontally.
Lesions seen in MS patients
Abducting eye gets nystagmus (CN 6 overtires to stim CN 3) |
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