Term
|
Definition
Skin - staph epi
Nose - S epidermidis, s aureus
Oropharynx - VS
Dental Plaque - Strep Mutans
Colon - Bacteroides fragilis
Vagina - lactobacillus, e coli, GBS |
|
|
Term
| Bugs causing food poisoning |
|
Definition
Seafood - vibrio parahemolyticus and vulnificans
Rice - B cereus
Meat, mayonaise - S. Aureus
Reheated meat - C perfringens
Canned foods - C botulinum
Undercooked meat - E coli
Poultry, meat, eggs - Salmonella |
|
|
Term
| Bugs that mimic appendicitis |
|
Definition
Yersinia enterocolitica - most common cause of mesenteric adenines
Slamonella
Campylobacter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Campylobacter - comma shaped
Salmonella - lactose neg, motility
Shigella - Lactose neg, very low ID50
EIEC, EHEC
Y. enterocolitica - daycare outbreaks, pseudoappendicitis
E. Histolytica - Protozoan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ETEC - travelers diarrhea, ST and LT toxins
Vibrio cholera - rice water stools
C diff - can also be bloody
C. perfringens - Also causes gas gangrene
Protozoa -Giardia, cryptosporidium
Viruses - Rotavirus, norovirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RSV, mycoplasma, Chlamydia, C. pnuemonia, S. pneumo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma, C pneumonia, S pnuemonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| S pneumonia, H flu, Anaerobes, Virus, Mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| S pneumo, Influenza, Anaerobes, H flu, GN rods |
|
|
Term
| Alcoholic drug user pneumonia |
|
Definition
| S pneumo, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus, H flu, S pneumo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strep pneumo, N meningitidis, H flu, Enterovirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| S pneumo, N meningitidis, Enterovirus, HSV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| S. pneumo, GN rods, Listeria |
|
|
Term
| CSF findings in meningitis |
|
Definition
Bacterial - Inc ICP, PMNS, Protein; dec sugar
Fungal - Inc ICP, lymphs, protein; dec sugar
Viral - Normal, inc lymphs, normal protein, normal sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normal - S aureus
Sex - N gonorrhea
DM/IV - Pseudomonas
Sickle cell - salmonella
Prosthetic - S epi, S aureus
Vertebral - MTB (potts dz)
Cat, dog bite - Pasteurella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
E coli - #1 cause, green sheen on EMB
S Saphrophyticus - #2 women
Klebsiella - #3, large mucoid capsule, viscous colonies
Serratia - Red pigment
Enterobacter - Often nosocomial
Proteus - Motility, swarming on agar, urease pos
Pseudomnas - Blue green pigment, fruity odor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hepatosplenomegaly, Jaundice, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation
Toxoplasma - chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calc
Rubella- PDA, cataracts, deafness, blueberry muffin rash
CMV- Hearing loss, seizures, blueberry muffin rash
HIV- recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea
HSV2- encephalitis, herpectic lesions
Syphilis- Hydrops fetalis, stillbirth, facial abnormalities, notched teeth, saddle nose, saber shins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rubella - head and moves down, fine truncal rash
Measles - Head moves down, preceded by cough, coryza
VZV- vesicular trunk, spreads to face hands (diff age)
HHV-6- Rash on body after fever
B19- slapped cheeks
S Pyogenes - Erythematous, sandpaper rash fever, sore throat
Coxsackie A - Vesicular rash palms and soles, ulcers mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chlamydia trachomatos, N gonorrhea
Cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign), purulent cervical discharge
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis sign - infection of the liver capsule, violin string adhesions on parietal peritoneum to liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bind PBPs, block cross linking of peptidoglycan, activates autolytic enzymes
GP organisms, N meninigitidis, T. pallidum, syphilis
T- hypersnesitivity rxns |
|
|
Term
| Oxacillin, Nafcillin, Dicloxicillin |
|
Definition
Penicillinase R due to bulky R group - blocks access of b-lactamase to the B lactam ring
U- S aureus,
T- interstitial nephritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Penicillinase sensitive, broader spectrum. Combine with CA to protect against Blactamase
H flu, E coli, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella, shigella, entrococci
Ampicillin rash, pseudomembranous colitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extended spectrum, same as penicillin
Pseudomonas, GN rods
Hypersensitivity rxns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clavulonic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B lactam drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis
NOT covered - Listeria, Atypicals, MRSA and Enterococci
Toxicity - Hypersens reaction, vit K deficiency
Nephrotox if used with AGs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cefazolin, cephalexin
GP cocci, Proteus, E coli, Klebsiella (PEcK)
Used for surgery to prevent S aureus wound infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cefoxitin, cefaclor, Cefuroxime
GP cocci, H flu, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E coli, Klebsiella, Serratia (HEN PEcKS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ceftriaxone (meningitis, gonorrhea), cefotaxime, Ceftazidime (pseudomonas)
Serious GN infections, resistant to other Blactams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cefepime
Increased activity against pseudomonas and GP organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monobactam R to blactamses
Prevents peptidoglycan cross linking by binding PBP3
GN rods only
*for penicillin allergic pts |
|
|
Term
| Imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem |
|
Definition
Broad spectrum Blactamase resistant
Cilastatin decreases drug inactivation in renal tubules
GP cocci, GN rods
Seizures at high levels (less with meropenem) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibtis cell wall peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala-D-ala portion of the cell wall precursors
GP only
Nephrotox, Ototox, Thrombophlebitis
*Red man syndrome - pretreat with antihistamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gentamycin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin
Inhibit formation of initiation complex (30S), causes misreading
Requires O2 for uptake
Severe GN rod infections
Nephrotox, Ototox, Neuromuscular blockade, Teratogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tetracycline, Doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocylcine
Binds the 30S and prevents attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA
*Doxycycline is ok in renal pts, because fecal excretion
Do not take with milk, antacids or iron
Borrellia, M. pneumonia, Rickettsia, Chlamydia
Discoloration of teeth, inhibition of bone growth, photosens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Azithro, Clarithro, Erythromycin
Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking translocation - binds the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosome
Atypical Pneumonias, STDs, GP cocci
Motility issues, Arrythmias, Chelstatic hepatitis, Rash, Eosinophilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks peptidyltransferase at 50S
Meningitis
Anemia, aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks peptide transfer at 50S
Anaerobic infections in aspiration pneumonia or lung abscess
Pseudomembranous colitis, fever, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfisoxazole, Sulfadiazine
PABA antimetabolites inhibit dihydropeptidase synthesis
GP, GN, Nocardia, Chlamydia
Hypersens rxn, hemolysis, nephrotix, photosens, kernicterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inactivates bacterial ribosomes
mild UTI, E coli, Staph saphrophyticus
safe in pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Quinpristin, Dalfopristin
Binds peptidyltransferase 50S SU
MRSA, VRE, Staph, Strep skin infections
Hepatotox, pseudomembranous colitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits DHR
UTIs, Shigella, Salmonella, Pneumocystis
Megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ciprogloxacin, norfloxacin, etc
Inhibits DNA gyrase (topo 2) and topo 4. Must not be taken with antacids
GN rods of UTI or GI infections, neisseria, some GP
Superinfections, Tendon rupture, teratogen
*ok in children with CF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Free radical toxic metabolites that damage the bacterial cell
Giardia, Entameoba, Trichomonas, Gardenella, Anaerobes, h Pylori (GET GAP on the metro) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TB- Pro (isoniazid) Tx (Rifampin, Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide)
MAC- Pro (azithromycin) Tx (Azithro, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin)
Leprae - Tx (Dapsone and rifampin, add clofazamine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decreased synth of my colic acids
KatG needed to convert INH to active mets
Neurotox, hepatotox, Pyridoxine (B6) can prevent neurotox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase
Meningococcal prohylaxis and chemoprophylaxis for contacts of children with Hflu
Minor hepatotox and drug interactions (increased p450)
*orange secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mechanism uncertain
Hyperuricemia, hepatotox - not safe in pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dec carbohydrate polymerization of mycobacterium cell wall
Optic neuropathy, red green color blidness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Meningogoccus- cipro, rifampin, ceftriaxone
Endocarditis - penicillins
Prego with GBS - ampicillin
Prevent post surgical infections with S aurues - cefazolin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
<200 - Bactrim (PCP)
<100 - Bactrim (PCP) and Azithro (Toxo)
<50 - Azithro (MAC and toxo) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Binds ergosterol - forms membrane pores that allow leakage of electrolytes
Serious systemic mycoses: crypto, histo, cocci, blasto, candida, mucor
Supplement K and Mg because of kidney function
Fever chills, hypotension, nephrotox, arrythmias, anemia, IV phlebitis
Hydration reduces nephrotox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Binds ergosterol, forming pores
Swish and swallow for oral candidiasis, topical for diaper rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits sterol synthesis by blocking p450 enzymes that converts lanosterol to ergosterol
Local and less serious systemic mycoses
Flu- chronic supp of cryptoccus meningitis
Itra - blasto, cocci, histo
Clotrim- topical
Testosterone synthesis inhibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits DNA and RNA biosynth by conversion to 5-fu
Combo with ampho for systemic infections
Bone marrow suppression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by blocking synthesis of B-glucan
Invasive aspergillus, candida
GI upset, flushing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits fungal enzyme Squalene Epoxidase
Used to tx dermatophytes
Heptatotox, tast disturbances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Interferes with microtubule function; disrupts mitosis
Deposits in keratin containing tissues
Oral tx for superficial infections, inhibits growth
Teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, HA, increase p450 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks detox of heme into hemozoin
Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia
Tx for malaria in all BUT falciprum
Retinopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits influenza neuriminidase, decreasing release of progeny
Tx and prevention of both influenza A and B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides by inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase
For RSV and chronic hep C
Hemolytic anemia and teratogenicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Guanosine analog, inhibits viral DNA pol by chain termination
HSV and VZV. Weak against EBV, none for CMV
For herpes zoster use famcyclovir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5MP formed by a CMV viral kinase. Guanosine analog
For CMV
Leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, renal toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Viral DNA pol inhibitor that binds to pyrophosphate binding site of the enzyme
*does not require activation by tyrosine kinase
CMV retinitis in immunocomp
Nephrotox, anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Preferentially inhibits viral DNA pol, does not require phosphyrlation
CMV retinitis
Nephrotox, coadminister with probenacid and saline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lopinavir (-navir)
Blocks the HIV-1 protease which is necessary for cleaving of mRNA products
*Ritonavir can boost other drug concentrations by inhibiting p450
Hyperglycemia, GI intolerance, lopdystrophy, nephropathy
*pancreatitis (ritonavir) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tenofovir, emtricitabine, abacavir, lamivdine, zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine
Comp inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase and terminate the DNA chain (lacks a 3' OH group)
Tenofovir does not have to be activated
ZDV is used for general prophylaxis and during pregnancy to reduce risk of fetal transmission
Bone marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis, rash, anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nevirapine, efavirenz, Delavirdine
Bind to reverse transcriptase , do not require phosphorylation to be active or compete with nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Raltegravir
Inhibits HIV genome integration into host cell chromosome by reversibly inhibiting HIV integrase
Can cause hypercholesterolemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glycoproteins synthesized by virus infected cells, blocks replication of both RNA and DNA viruses
IFN-a: chronic hep B and C, kaposi sarcoma
IFN-B: MS
IFN-g: NADPH oxidase deficiency
Can cause neutropenia and myopathy |
|
|
Term
| Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy |
|
Definition
| Sulfonamides, Aminoglycosides, FQs, Clarithromycin, Tetracyclines, Ribavirin, Griseofulvin, Chloramphenicol |
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|
