Term
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Definition
Diverticulum arises from the floor of primitive pharynx, descends into neck
Foramen cecum is the remnant of thyroglossal duct
*Ectopic thyroid tissue can arise at tongue |
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Definition
| Midline cyst that moves with swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
Outer adult zone and inner fetal zone
Adult zone secretes cortisol late in gestation
Controlled by ACTH and CRH from the fetal pituitary and placenta
*Cortisol is responsible for fetal lung maturation and surfactant development |
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Term
| Adrenal cortex layers and medulla |
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Definition
*Cortex from mesoderm, Medulla from Neural Crest
Glomerulosa- Aldosterone via RAAS
Fasiculata- Cortisol via ACTH, CRH
Reticularis- Sex hormones, via ACTH, CRH
Medulla- Catecholamines (Epi, NE) via sympathetics |
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Term
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Definition
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
Causes episodic HTN |
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Term
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Definition
Most common tumor of adrenal medulla in children
NO episodic HTN |
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Term
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Definition
Left adrenal > left adrenal vein > left renal vein > IVC
Right adrenal > IVC
*same as gonadal veins |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted Oxytocin and ADH made in the hypothalamus
Moved into the PP via Neurophysins
*Derived from neuroectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
Secretes FSH, LH, TSH, GH, ACTH, prolactin, melanotropin
Derived from oral ectoderm (Rathke's pouch)
*a subunit- common to LH, FSH, TSH, hCG
B subunit- determines hormone specificity
Acidophils- GH, prolactin
Basophils- (B FLAT) FSH, LF, ACTH, TSH |
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Term
| Endocrine pancreas cell types |
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Definition
B cells- insulin (central)
D cells- somatostatin
a cells- glucagon (peripheral) |
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Term
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Definition
Glucose is the major regulator of insulin release
ATP generated by glucose metabolism closes K channels and depolarizes the B cell membrane > opens Ca channels, stimulates insulin release
Works via a Tyr/Kin receptors, activates PI3 to increase GLUT4
Also stim MAP/RAS to inc cell growth and DNA synthesis |
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Term
| Insulin tissue requirements |
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Definition
BRICK L (insulin independent)
Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver
GLUT 1- RBCs, Brain
GLUT 2- B cells, liver, kidney, small intestine
GLUT 4- skeletal muscle, adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Inc glucose transport in Sk mm and adipose tissue
Inc glycogen synthesis and storage
Inc TG synthesis and storage
Inc Na retention
Inc protein synthesis
Inc cellular reuptake of K and amino acids
*Dec glucagon release |
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Term
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Definition
Hyperglycemia, GH, and B2 agonists all increase insulin
Hypoglycemia, somatostatin and a2 agonists decrease insulin |
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Term
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Definition
Made by the a cell of the pancreas
Catabolic effects - glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketone production
Secreted in response to hypoglycemia
Inhibited by insulin, hyperglycemia and somatostatin |
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Term
| Hypothalamic pituitary hormone regulation |
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Definition
TRH > TSH, Prolactin
DA blocks prolactin
CRH > ACTH, MSH, B endorphin
GHRH > GH
Somatostatin blocks GH, TSH
GnRH > FSH, LH
Prolactin blocks GnRH |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulates milk production in the breast
Inhibits ovulation and spermatogenesis by inhibiting GnRH
Secretion is inhibited by DA from hypothalamu
Prolactin increases DA, thereby inhibiting itself
TRH increases prolactin secretion
Bromocriptine inhibits prolactin secretion
Antipsychotics and estrogens will increase prolactin release |
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Term
| Growth Hormone (somatotropin) |
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Definition
Secreted by ant pituitary
Stim linear growth and muscle mass through IGF-1 /somatomedin secretion
Increases insulin resistance
Released in pulses in response to GnRH
Secretion increases during exercise and sleep
Inhibited by glucose and somatostatin |
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Term
| 17a-hydroxylase deficiency |
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Definition
Increases mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
No cortisol or sex hormones
HTN, hypokalemia
Males: Dec DHT, pseudohemaphroditism
Females: externally phenotypic female, normal internal sex organs; Lacks secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
| 21 hydroxylase deficiency |
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Definition
Inc sex hormones
No cortisol or aldosterone
Hypotension, hyperkalemia, inc renin activity, volume depletion
Masculinization leading to pseudohemaproditism in females |
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Term
| 11 B-hydroxylase deficiency |
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Definition
Increased sex hormones, 11 deoxycorticosterone
Decreased aldosterone and cortisol
HTN (from 11deoxycorticosterone)
Masculinization |
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Term
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Definition
Maintains the blood pressure > upregulates a receptors on arterioles > inc sensitivity to NE and Epi
Dec Bone formation
Anti-inflammatory/Immunosuppressive
-Inhibits formation of leukotrienes and PGs, inhibits leukocyte adhesion, blocks histamine release, reduces eos, blocks IL-2
Inc insulin resistance
Inc gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis
Inhibtis fibroblasts
CRH stim ACTH which causes cortisol production in ZF |
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Term
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Definition
Made by the Chief cells of the parathyroid
Inc bone resorption of calcium and phosphate
Inc kidney reabsorption of Ca in DCT
Dec kidney reabsorption of PO4 in PCT
Inc Vit D formation by stim 1a-hydroxylase
*inc serum Ca, dec serum PO4, inc urine PO4
*Inc M-CSF and RANKL in osteoblasts to stim osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
Inc PTH: Dec serum Ca, Mg
Dec PTH: Markedly decreased Mg (from diarrhea, amino glycosides, diuretics, alcohol abuse) |
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Term
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Definition
D3 from sun exposure in skin
D2 ingested from plants
Both converted to 25 in liver and 1,25 in the kidney
Increases absorption of Ca and PO4 from intestines
Inc bone resorption of Ca and PO4
Regulated by Inc PTH, dec Ca, and dec PO4 |
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Term
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Definition
Parafollicular C cells of thyroid (Neural crest derivative)
Dec bone resorption of Ca (opposes actions of PTH
Increased serum Ca stimulates calcitonin secretion |
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Term
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Definition
"FLAT CHAMP cAMP"
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH
also calitonin, GHRH and glucagon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
"GGOAT"
GnRH, GHRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH
Also Histamine (H1), AT2, gastrin |
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Term
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Definition
"VETTT CAP"
Vit D, Estrogen, Testosteorone, T3, T4
Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone |
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Term
| Intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase |
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Definition
"Your GF is In To Kids"
Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF
Use MAP kinase pathway |
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Term
| Receptor assoc tyrosine kinase |
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Definition
PIG
Prolactin, Immuneomodulators, GH
JAK/STAT pathway |
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Term
| Signaling pathway of steroid hormones |
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Definition
Lipophilic, so therefore must circulate bound to binding globulins
SHBG- lowers testosterone levels in men > gynecomastia; in women dec SHBG raises free testosterone > hirsutism |
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Term
| Thyroid hormones function |
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Definition
Bone growth (synergism with GH)
CNS maturation > Inc B1 Rs in heart inc CO, HR, SV, contract
Inc BMR via Na/K ATPase upregulation > inc O2 consumption, RR, body temp
Inc glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis |
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Term
| Thyroid Hormone regulation |
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Definition
TRH stimulates TSH (pit) which stimulates follicular cells
Neg feedback by T3 to the ant pit dec sense to TRH
T3 binds with greater affinity to tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| excess iodine temporarily inhibts thryroid peroxidase dec iodine organification > dec T3/T4 production |
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Term
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Definition
TBG binds hormones. Liver dysfunction can dec TBG
Pregnancy increase TBG as well as OCP use
*Peroxidase is responsible for oxidation and organification of iodide as well as coupling of MIT and DIT
PTU inhibits both peroxidase and 5-deiodinase (peripheral)
Methimazole only inhibits peroxidase |
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