Term
Are Differentiated Cells Irreversibly Committed to Their Fates? (First Experiment)
What was their conclusion?
What type of animal did they use |
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Definition
Briggs and King 1952
Differentiated cells are irreversibly committed to their fates
Rana pipiens
(SCNT) |
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Term
Who was the second person to test whether or not cells are irreversibly differentiated?
When?
What type of differentiated cell?
What was his conclusion?
What animal did he study? |
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Definition
Gurdon
1962
intestinal epithelium cell
36% of undifferentiated cells and 1.5% of differentiated cells were restored to totipotency.
Xenipus laevi
(SCNT) |
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Term
Who purified hematopoetic stem cells from bone marrow cells?
When?
How did they separate them?
How did he come up with his results? |
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Definition
Spangrude
1988
based on their cell surface markers
(Sca-1-positive)
lethally irradiated mice. Inserted purified bone marrow cells (30st), 50% survived). About 2.3x10^4 of unpurified cells were needed. |
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Term
Who does not know whether there are cancer stem cells that have the only potential to initiate and sustain tumor growth?
When?
What did his results show? |
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Definition
O'Brien
2007
They supported the cancer stem cell hypothesis, because the (colon cancer) tumors appeared only in mice with 25, 000 cells injected (1/8) |
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Term
Who wrote "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generated from Patients with ALS Can Be Differentiated into Motor Neurons?"
When?
What did he do? |
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Definition
Dimos
2008
Directed differentiation of ALS iPS cells to a motor neuron fate and glial cell fate. |
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Term
Who wrote "Parkinson's Disease Patient-Derived IPS Cells Free of Viral Reprogramming Factors?"
When? |
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Definition
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Term
Symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Causes? |
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Definition
Neurodegenerative
Dopaminergic Neurons Degenerate
Genetic Component
Progressive
(Not Fatal)
Lewy bodies and alpha-synuclein proteins change in patient's brain.
Loss of dopaminergic neurons
Oxidative stress and defective mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Neurodegenerative
Motor neurons degenerate
Glial cells secrete factors that injure adjacent motor neurons (mutation in SOD1)
Paralysis/death |
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Term
| Similarities between iPS and ntES cells? |
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Definition
| Pluripotent, Patient-matched, reprogrammed nucleus |
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Term
What was the name of the first paper published on iPS cells?
Who wrote it? |
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Definition
"Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors"
Takahashi and Yamanaka
***Mock (only retrovirus without genes) was at zero. Otherwise, retrovirus, not genes, were responsible)
24 factors
Oct3/4, c-myc, and klf4, sox2
teratoma and immunohistocheistry
Similar morphology to stem cells (round shape, large nucleoli, scant cytoplasm
proliferation properties |
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Term
Who did nt on mice?
Why didn't all nuclear transfer cells become cell lines? |
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Definition
Wakayama (2001)
mitochondria and nuclear donor not match
cytoplasm and nuclear donor not match
techniqie destroys machinery
in vitro environment wasn't good
incomplete reprogramming
not efficient |
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Term
| What was the significance of Wakayama's experiment? |
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Definition
2001
Established ntES cell lines in mammals, which could then lead to patient-matched human ntES cell lines (therapeutic cloning)
mice cells are not irreversibly committed to their fates but could be reprogrammed
Lead to realization of iPS cells
black egg donor, white nucleus donor
"Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cell lines Generated from Adult Somatic Cells by Nuclear Transfer"
Low successrate (less than 10%)
Teratoma, Chimera, and in vitro (immunohistochemistry)
First theurapeutic cloning in mammals |
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Term
Who developed the first cloned human blastocyst?
When? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The alteration of gene expression patterns unique to cell types in diverse tissues and organs. |
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Term
| Nuclear transfer, but no cell lines, in humans |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Autoimmune disease
Insulin producing B-cells are destroyed |
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Term
Who converted one differentiated cell into another?
What was the paper called? |
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Definition
Zhou and Melton, 2008
Pancreatic exocrine cell to pancreatic endocrine cell
"In Vivo Reprogramming of Adult Pancreatic Exocrine Cells to Beta-Cells" |
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Term
| What are the functions of the pancreas? |
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Definition
Digestion
secretion of digestive enzymes
exocrine
glucose metabolism
synthesis and secretion of hormones
endocrine (ex. insulin in B-cells) |
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Term
| Why decided that cells irreversibly lose genetic material? |
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Definition
| Willhelm Roux, 1888, hot needle, amphibian |
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Term
| Who proved that cells do not irreversibly lose genetic material as they divide? |
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Definition
Hans Driesch
4-cell sea-urchin embryo
In the context of the 4-cell stage, the singl egg is not totipotent |
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Term
| Two ways to induce differentiation |
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Definition
1. Remove feeder-layer
2. Do not passage cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of stem cells to create an exact replica of themselves through cell division (mitosis) |
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Term
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Definition
Scrape off to lower concentration of cells.
Subconfluence
confluence (start differentiating) |
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Term
| How have stem cells worked for therapy? |
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Definition
Oligodendrocytes (spinal cord injuries) that produce myelin
hematopoetic stem cells for patients with leukemia |
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Term
| What was the significance of Thompson's work? |
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Definition
For the first time ever, he created human stem cell lines that were self-renewing, pluripotent, and not defective. (Monkeys-1995 and mice-1980s before)
This was speculated to lead to testing toxicity, create cures for diseases, learn about cell differentiation, and explore cell therapy.
He created a feeder layer (medium) that allowed these stem cells to grow
immuno.. to tell that they were undifferentiated.
Dyed antibodies
immortality
used karyotyping to make sure cells were normal
tested pluripotency in vitro and in vivo (removed feeder layer) (teratoma analysis) |
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Term
Dickey-Wicker Amendment
Bush
Doug Melton
President Obama
Judge Lamberth |
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Definition
1995
Aug 9, 2001
2004
2009
Aug 2010 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is cell suicide called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two models for the relationship between cancer and stem cells? |
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Definition
cancer stem cell model (neoplastic)
stochastic model |
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Term
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Definition
Aristotle-seed and soil
Harvey-ex ovo omnia
Preformationists-homunculus |
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Term
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Definition
cardiomyocites
endothelial cells
smooth muscle cells |
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