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| Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile |
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| Monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the future of Spain; initiated exploration of the New World |
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| Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerers and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance |
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| First island in the Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settled by Columbus on his second voyage |
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| Dominican friar who supported peaceful converstion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights |
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| Led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Emprire and established Spanish colonial rule |
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| Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortes' conquest |
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| Capital of New Spain, built on ruins of Tenochtitlan |
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| Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system |
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| Began conquest of Inca Empire in 1535 |
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| Francisco Vazquez de Coronado |
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| Led Spanish expedition into the southwestern United States in search of gold |
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| Spanish conquerer of Araucanian Indians of Chile; established city of Santiago in 1541 |
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| Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects |
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| Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the new World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds |
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| Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia |
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| Greatest mercury deposit in South America; used in American silver production |
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| Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy |
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| Spanish board of trade operated out of Seville; regulated commerce with the New World |
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| Merchant guild of Seville with a virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of the silver shipped in return |
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| Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation fo bullion |
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| Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possessioin; Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain |
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| Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; bases of law in the Indies |
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| Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised the king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies |
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| University-trained lawyers from Spain; basic personnel of the Spanish colonial bureaucratic system |
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| Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City |
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| Royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws |
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| Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz |
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| 17th century author, poet, and musician of New Spain; gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters |
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| Portuguese leader of an expedition of India; landed in Brazil in 1500 |
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| Areas along the Brazilian coast granted to Portuguese nobles for colonial development |
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| Backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals in 17th century |
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| Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed |
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| Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763 |
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| Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves on bottom |
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| Spanish-born residents of the New World |
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| People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below Peninsulares |
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| Clubs and associations dedicated to reform in Spanish colonies; fluorished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform |
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| War of the Spanish Succession |
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| Caused the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Buorbons, territorial loss, and grants of commerical rights to English and French |
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| Spanish enlightened monarch (1759-1788); institued fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire |
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| Opened trade in ports of Spain and the Indies to all Spanish merchants during the reign of Charles III; undercut monopoly of consulados |
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| Spanish minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from the upper colonial bureaucracy; created intendants for local government |
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| Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fisal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy |
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| A popular revolt against Spanish rule in New Granada in 1781; suppressed due to government concessions and divisions among rebels |
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| Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution |
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| First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here |
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| The holder of a grant of Native Americans who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor; responsible for N.A. integration into the church |
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| Actions of absolute rulers which have been influenced by the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment |
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| Term used in Mexico for local magistrates |
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