Term
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Definition
An ongoing variable like age, time
- variable in progress
- no absolute zero like temperature |
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Definition
Has to be one or the other
- male or female
- counting: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
-Category 1 or 2 |
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| Nominal Variable (levels of measurement) |
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Definition
not in a natural order
- colors: red, orange, green
- buildings
- names of people
Cant really sort in priority order, red is not better than green |
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Term
| Ordinal Variable (level of measurement) |
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Definition
in an order (always discrete categories)
- counting things: 1, 2, 3, 4
- military rank
- progression |
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Term
| Interval-ratio variables (levels of mesaurement) |
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Definition
Numeric variables
- can be continuous or discrete
- Interval: temp 80 vs 20
no natural zero
temperature is unlimited
-Ratio: interval with an absolute zero
difference in the ages of people
how many superbowls one team has over another |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory --> Hypothesis --> Observations --> Emperical Generalizations ---> Theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Explanation of the relationship/phenomena/variable |
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Term
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Definition
Statement about relationship between variables that is specfic and exact
- relationship between phenomena |
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Term
| Empirical Generalizations |
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Definition
| Are conclusions based on analysis of the data |
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Term
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Definition
| Any measured subset of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| is the entire universe of possibilities in a certain example |
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Term
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Definition
Number derived from the sample of the population
- use it to infer something about the population |
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Term
| Frequency Distributions (Tables) |
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Definition
Tables that report the number of cases in each category of a variable
-summarize distribution of a variable by reporting the number of times each score of a variable occurred
- general rule for categories of a frequency distribution:
exhaustive and mutually exclusive
each case counted in one and only one category |
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Term
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Definition
Class limits with an apparent gap between them
- Age goes from 19-20 |
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Term
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Definition
Dividing the sum of the upper and lower limits by 2
- 10 lower, 20 upper: (10+20)/2 |
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Term
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Definition
Class limits with no apparent gap between them
- Age goes from 19.99 to 20.00
1. find the distance between the stated class limits
2. Divide the value in half
3. Add the value found in step 2 to all upper limits and subtract it from all lower stated limits |
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Term
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Definition
uses bars to indicate the frequency of occurrence of observations
- just frequency
- discrete variables
- will have space in between bars on graph |
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Term
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Definition
Bar graphs used with quantitative, continuous, variables
- ideal for continuous, interval-ratio level variables
will not have space in between bars on graph
- has real class limits |
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Term
| Line Chart (frequency polygon) |
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Definition
Similar construction to histogram
- dot at the midpoint of each integral
- straight lines connect the dots
- Highest to lowest score
continuous, interval-ratio
Histograms are different because they put data in bins |
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Term
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Definition
Average
- also known as x-bar |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the variety, diversity or amount of variation among score
- the greater the dispersion of a variable, the greater th range of scores and the greater the differences between the scores
- the more the data is spread, the more it disperses |
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Term
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Definition
Type of range measure: Q3-Q1
- just the range between the 25th to 75th percentile
- middle 50 percentage of scores
fails to include information from other scores
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