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What is the general two general purposes of Statistics? |
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- It is used to organize and summarize the information so that the resercher can see what happened in the research study and can communicate the results to others.
- It helps the researcher to answer the general questions that initiated the research by determining exactly what conclusions are justified based on the results that were obtained.
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- It refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing summarizing, and interpreting information.
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It is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study. |
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- It refered is a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study.
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- It is a characteristic of condition that changes or has different values for different individuals
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- It is a collection of measurements or observations
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- It is a single measurement or observation and is commomly callled a score or raw score
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- It is a value, usually a mumerical value, that describes a population. It is usaully derived from measurements of the individuals in the population
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- It is a value, usually a mumerical value, that describes a sample.
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Define Descriptive Statistics |
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- It is statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data
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Define Inferntial Statistics |
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- It consist of techniques that alllow us to study samples and then make generalization about the populations from which they were selected
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- It is the discrepancy, or amount of error, that exist between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter
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- It generalized to the whole population and it is the same as a sampling error
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Define Correlational Method |
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- It is when two different variables are observed to determine wheth there is a relationship between them.
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Define the experimental or the experimental research strategy. |
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- It involves participant variable, manipulation, and control.
- One variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured.
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Define control conditions |
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In this experimental treatment people do not receive the the treatment. |
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Define the exerimental condition. |
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In this experimental treatment individuals do receive the treatment |
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Define the quasi-independent variable |
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It is a nonexperimental study, the "idependent variable" that is used to create the different groups of scores |
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they are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior |
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Define operational definition |
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- It identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition has two components.
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- this is a colection of measurements or observations
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- It is a singular measurement usauly referred to as a datum
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Define the Independent Variable |
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It is a variable that can be manipulated |
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Define Dependent Variable |
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It is a variable that is observed and measured to obtain scores within each condition and is not manipulated |
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Define the Control Condition |
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It is individuals that do not receive the experimental treatment |
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Define the Experimental Conditions |
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It is individuals that do receive the experimental treatment. |
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Define the Nonequivalent Groups Study |
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It invovles comparing two groups of scores (like an experiment). However, the researcher has no ability to control which participants go into which group.
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It is comparing two things in a study, however, the researcher has no control over the passage of time |
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Are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior. |
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Define Operational definition |
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It identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct. |
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It consists of separate, indivisable categories. No values can exist between two neighboring catergories. |
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There are an infinite of possible values that fall between any two observed values. A continuous variable is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts. |
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What are the two factors that apply to continous variable |
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Measuring should be very rare to obtain identical measurements for two different individuals and each measurement catergory is actually an interval that must be defined by boundaries. |
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It is boundaries of interval for scores that are represented on a continuous number line and is seperated by adjacent scores is located exactly halfway between the scores.
It has two limits |
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It is at the top of the interval |
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It is at the bottom of the interval |
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Define nominal scale/mean |
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it consists of a set of categories that have different names but does not make quantitive distinctions between observations |
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It consist of a set of categories that are oganized in an ordered sequence and is ranked in terms of size |
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It consists of orderd categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size and equal differences between numbers on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude |
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It is an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point and number do reflect ratios of magnitude |
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Define Frequency Distribution |
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It is an organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement |
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How can a frequency distrubtion be structured |
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As a table or graph
Example: categories that make up the original measurement scale and record or number of individuals in each category |
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It is a group of number within a variable
Example: x=40 to x=49 or x=41-49 |
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Group Frequency Distribution |
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It present groups rather than individuals and are called class intervals |
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they have about 10 intervals |
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It appears that they form the upper and lower boundaries for the class interval |
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It is a bar graph where the bars touch |
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It is a graph with dots to indicate a score/information and than you conected dos together with lines |
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Bar graph is the same as the histogram but the bars don't touch. In this chart the is nominal data |
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Define Relative Frequencies |
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You can make bars two times taller than the other bar. In this chart the numbers are not there |
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Define Symmetrical Distrubution |
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In this graph you can draw a line in the middle of the data and both sides look the same |
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Define Skewed distrubution |
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the scores tend to pile up toward one end of the scale and taper off gradually at the other end |
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Define the Tail/s of a distribution |
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The section where the scores taper off toward one end of a distribution. |
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Define a Positively Skewed Distribution |
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the tails points toward the positve (above-zero) end of the X-axis.
[image] |
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It is when the tail points to the left
[image] |
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It is a statistcal measure to determine a single score that defines the center of a distribution. The goal is to fine the single score that is most typical or most representative of the entire group. |
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Define the population mean |
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It is all the scores added together and than divided by the total number of scores.
The formula is as follows:
µ = ∑X/N |
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It is done the same way as the population mean but the is represented by a capital M.
The formula is as follows:
M = ∑X/N |
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It is the total number of scores in the combine group; by adding the number of scores in the first sample (n1) and the number in the second sample (n2) and than divide by the total.
The formula is as follows:
overall mean=M=∑X(overall sum for the combined group)/n(total number in the combined group) |
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It is is the midpoint of score from smallest to largest |
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It is a score category that his the greatest frequency.
For example scores:
1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 6
6 would have the greatest frequency |
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having or involving two modes, in particular (of a statistical distribution) having two maxima. |
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characterized by several different modes of activity or occurrence.
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It is when modes have unequal frequencies, researchers occasionally differentiate the two values by calling the naming the taller peak |
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It is when modes have unequal frequencies, researchers occasionally differentiate the two values by calling the naming the short peak |
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It is points connected with the straight lines |
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In a nominal chart what is used mode, median, or mean. |
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In a Ordinal chart what is used mode, median, or mean. |
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In a Interval chart what is used mode, median, or mean. |
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In a Ratio chart what is used mode, median, or mean. |
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