Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Statistics Chapter 1
Terms and Definitions
70
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
01/28/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the general two general purposes of Statistics?
Definition
  1. It is used to organize and summarize the information so that the resercher can see what happened in the research study and can communicate the results to others.
  2. It helps the researcher to answer the general questions that initiated the research by determining exactly what conclusions are justified based on the results that were obtained.
Term
Define Statistics
Definition
  1. It refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing summarizing, and interpreting information.
Term
  1. Define Population
Definition
It is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study.
Term
Define Sample
Definition
  1. It refered is a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study.
Term
Define Variable
Definition
  1. It is a characteristic of condition that changes or has different values for different individuals
Term
Define Data (plural)
Definition
  1. It is a collection of measurements or observations
Term
Define Datum (singular)
Definition
  1. It is a single measurement or observation and is commomly callled a score or raw score
Term
Define Parameter
Definition
  1. It is a value, usually a mumerical value, that describes a population.  It is usaully derived from measurements of the individuals in the population
Term
Define Statstic
Definition
  1. It is a value, usually a mumerical value, that describes a sample.  
Term
Define Descriptive Statistics
Definition
  1. It is statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data
Term
Define Inferntial Statistics
Definition
  1. It consist of techniques that alllow us to study samples and then make generalization about the populations from which they were selected
Term
Define Sampling Error
Definition
  1. It is the discrepancy, or amount of error, that exist between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter
Term
Define Margin of Error
Definition
  1. It generalized to the whole population and it is the same as a sampling error
Term
Define Correlational Method
Definition
  1. It is when two different variables are observed to determine wheth there is a relationship between them.
Term
Define the experimental or the experimental research strategy.
Definition
  1. It involves participant variable, manipulation, and control.  
  2. One variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured.
Term
Define control conditions
Definition
In this experimental treatment people do not receive the the treatment.
Term
Define the exerimental condition.
Definition
In this experimental treatment individuals do receive the treatment
Term
Define the quasi-independent variable
Definition
It is a nonexperimental study, the "idependent variable" that is used to create the different groups of scores
Term
Define Constructs
Definition
they are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior
Term
Define operational definition
Definition
  1. It identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition has two components.
Term
Define Data Set
Definition
  1. this is a colection of measurements or observations
Term
Define raw score
Definition
  1. It is a singular measurement usauly referred to as a datum
Term
Define the Independent Variable
Definition
It is a variable that can be manipulated
Term
Define Dependent Variable
Definition
It is a variable that is observed and measured to obtain scores within each condition and is not manipulated
Term
Define the Control Condition
Definition
It is individuals that do not receive the experimental treatment
Term
Define the Experimental Conditions
Definition
It is individuals that do receive the experimental treatment.
Term
Define the Nonequivalent Groups Study
Definition

It invovles comparing two groups of scores (like an experiment).  However, the researcher has no ability to control which participants go into which group.

 

 

Term
Define Pre-Post study
Definition
It is comparing two things in a study, however, the researcher has no control over the passage of time
Term
Define Constructs
Definition
Are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior.
Term
Define Operational definition
Definition
It identifies a measurement procedure (a set  of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct.
Term
Define Descrete Variable
Definition
It consists of separate, indivisable categories.  No values can exist between two neighboring catergories.
Term
Define Continuous
Definition
There are an infinite of possible values that fall between any two observed values.  A continuous variable is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts.
Term
What are the two factors that apply to continous variable
Definition
Measuring should be very rare to obtain identical measurements for two different individuals and each measurement catergory is actually an interval that must be defined by boundaries.
Term
Define Real Limits
Definition

It is boundaries of interval for scores that are represented on a continuous number line and is seperated by adjacent scores is located exactly halfway between the scores.  

It has two limits

Term
The Upper Real Limit
Definition
It is at the top of the interval
Term
Define Lower Real Limit
Definition
It is at the bottom of the interval
Term
Define nominal scale/mean
Definition
it consists of a set of categories that have different names but does not make quantitive distinctions between observations
Term
Define Ordinal Scale
Definition
It consist of a set of categories that are oganized in an ordered sequence and is ranked in terms of size
Term
Define Interval Scale
Definition
It consists of orderd categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size and equal differences between numbers on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude
Term
Define Ratio Scale
Definition
It is an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point and number do reflect ratios of magnitude
Term
Define Frequency Distribution
Definition
It is an organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement
Term
How can a frequency distrubtion be structured
Definition

As a table or graph

Example: categories that make up the original measurement scale and record or number of individuals in each category

Term
Define Range
Definition

It is a group of number within a variable

Example: x=40 to x=49 or x=41-49

Term
Group Frequency Distribution
Definition
It present groups rather than individuals and are called class intervals
Term
Define Class intervals
Definition
they have about 10 intervals
Term
Define Apparent Limits
Definition
It appears that they form the upper and lower boundaries for the class interval
Term
Define Histogram
Definition
It is a bar graph where the bars touch
Term
Define Polygons
Definition
It is a graph with dots to indicate a score/information and than you conected dos together with lines
Term
Define Bar Graphs
Definition
Bar graph is the same as the histogram but the bars don't touch.  In this chart the is nominal data
Term
Define Relative Frequencies
Definition
You can make bars two times taller than the other bar. In this chart the numbers are not there
Term
Define Symmetrical Distrubution
Definition
In this graph you can draw a line in the middle of the data and both sides look the same
Term
Define Skewed distrubution
Definition
the scores tend to pile up toward one end of the scale and taper off gradually at the other end
Term
Define the Tail/s of a distribution
Definition
The section where the scores taper off toward one end of  a distribution.
Term
Define a Positively Skewed Distribution
Definition

the tails points toward the positve (above-zero) end of the X-axis.

 

[image]

Term
Define Negatively Skewed
Definition

It is when the tail points to the left

 

 

[image]

Term
Define Central Tendency
Definition
It is a statistcal measure to determine a single score that defines the center of a distribution.  The goal is to fine the single score that is most typical or most representative of the entire group.
Term
Define the population mean
Definition

It is all the scores added together and than divided by the total number of scores.

The formula is as follows:

 

µ = ∑X/N

Term
Define the sample mean
Definition

It is done the same way as the population mean but the is represented by a capital M.

 

The formula is as follows:

 

M = ∑X/N

Term
Define the weighted mean
Definition

It is the total number of scores in the combine group;  by adding the number of scores in the first sample (n1) and the number in the second sample (n2) and than divide by the total.  

 

The formula is as follows:

overall mean=M=∑X(overall sum for the combined group)/n(total number in the combined group)

Term
Define the median
Definition
It is is the midpoint of score from smallest to largest
Term
Define Mode
Definition

It is a score category that his the greatest frequency.

 

For example scores:

 

1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 6

 

6 would have the greatest frequency

Term
Define Bimodal
Definition

having or involving two modes, in particular (of a statistical distribution) having two maxima.

Term
Define multimodal
Definition
characterized by several different modes of activity or occurrence.
 
  •  
Term
Define major mode
Definition
It is when modes have unequal frequencies, researchers occasionally differentiate the two values by calling the naming the taller peak
Term
Define minor mode
Definition
It is when modes have unequal frequencies, researchers occasionally differentiate the two values by calling the naming the short peak
Term
Define Line Graph
Definition
It is points connected with the straight lines
Term
In a nominal chart what is used mode, median, or mean.
Definition
Nominal
Term
In a Ordinal chart what is used mode, median, or mean.
Definition
Mode and Mean
Term
In a Interval chart what is used mode, median, or mean.
Definition
Mode, Median, and Mean
Term
In a Ratio chart what is used mode, median, or mean.
Definition
Mode, Median, and Mean
Supporting users have an ad free experience!