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| significance level; the area in which you would reject the null hypothesis |
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| population standard deviation |
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| Beta: the probability of a Type II error (fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is false) |
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| estimated population standard deviation |
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| estimated population variance; an unbiased estimate of the population variance |
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| the sample standard deviation; descriptive of the sample but not used to estimate population standard deviation |
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| the sample variance; a biased estimator of population variance (generally less) |
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| the observed t value for a sample |
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| the critical t value obtained from the distribution table; shows the beginning of the rejection region |
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| the t value for a t test for independent means (two means) |
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| the z score is used for a population or for two independent scores in a sample (the sample is now viewed as the population) |
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the estimated standard error of the mean
s/√N
Shows how the variability of sample means is related to variability of scores and the size of the sample; more variable scores make s larger but a larger sample increases the denominator; used to determine how well an obtained mean estimates a population mean |
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degrees of freedom; the number of scores free to vary when calculating a statistic
Rule of thumb: one degree of freedom for each mean calculated |
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