Term
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Definition
| Primitive cells (bacteria/cyanobacteria).Unicellular and have cell wall, plasma membrane, outer membrane, and DNA coild in nucleioids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi, plants and animals (have nucleus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins with related function are in same location; hazardous proteins/reactions can be segregated |
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Term
| Indirect immunofluorescence |
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Definition
| Antibody + 2nd antibody with fluorescent label |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic space between membrane-bound organelles; site of all protein synthesis & metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| compartment that contains the chromosomes (DNA + associated proteins); soluble = nucleoplasm; site of RNA transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| distinct region of nucleus that makes ribosomal RNA (consists of ribosomal RNA genes + proteins for ribosome maturation/assembly |
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Term
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Definition
| delineates the nucleus, where double membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| octagonal array of protein subunits |
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Term
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Definition
| large protein which has head-tail structure; studied for localization |
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Term
| nuclear localization signal |
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Definition
| 4-8 amino acids (several lysines/arginines); when added -> localizes to nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| colloidal gold particles tagged with NLS all localized to the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| binds cytopasmic protein; complex can now bind to nuclear pore and finally transported through |
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Term
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Definition
| allows proteins to be exported through nuclear pore back to cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to protein in order for it to be exported out of nucleus via nuclear pore |
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Term
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Definition
| Ran binds GTP (hydrolyzes to GDP), |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates Ran to bind GTP |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates hydrolyzing Ran-GTP to Ran-GDP |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein binds importin & transported thru pore -> Ran-GTP displaces protein & binds to importin -> Ran-GTP is hydrolyzed by GAP and exports importin |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein binds to exportin simultaneously with Ran-GTP -> Ran-GTP hydrolyzed by GAP and exports protein (exportin is transported back to nucleus) |
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Term
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Definition
| transcription factor active in cells of immune system. B-cells activate NF-kB in response to signal (NF-kB is off by binding IkB which binds NLS region, IkB can be degraded) |
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Term
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Definition
| trasncription factor f/ yeast cells that activates gene transcription only when cells startved (Pho4 kept off by having phosphorylated sites next to NLS that prevents binding to importin) |
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Term
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Definition
| site of ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation (has own genome and ribosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| site of ATP synthesis through photosynthesis |
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Term
| Presequences/Transit Peptides |
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Definition
| Amino acids that occur @ N-terminus of proteins imprted into mitochondria and chloroplast respectively; serve as signal for transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Break down amino acids, alcohols, and fatty acids via oxidative reactions and produce H2O2; also contains catalase that converts H2O2 to H2O |
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Term
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Definition
| Peroxisomal Targetting Sequence at the carboxy terminus |
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Term
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Definition
| Peroxisomal Targetting Sequence at the amino terminus |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulse of radioactive amino acids followed by Chase of nonradioactive amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| extensive network of membranes that enclose single internal space (lumen/cisternal space) |
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Term
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Definition
| studded by ribosomes and adjacent to nucleus; biosynthesizes membrane and secreted proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| lack associated ribosome; biosynthesizes lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| N-terminal extension ~15-20 amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| cleaves/turns off signal peptide after translocation in ER |
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Term
| Signal Recognition Particle |
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Definition
| 325kd particle containing RNA molecule that binds to translating protein in cytosol & arrensts translation; encounters its receptor on cytosolic surface of ER |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrophilic channel/pore through ER that binds to ribosome and allows protein to move through |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with luminal surface of ER membrane; clips off signal peptide and releases protein |
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Term
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Definition
| translocation process as protein is synthesized |
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Term
| Internal noncleavable signal sequence |
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Definition
| allows the polypeptide to be inserted into the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Oligosaccharides added to polypeptide chain during translocation (happens to most proteins exposed to ER lumen) [more resistant to proteases?] |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular space distinct from ER, series of distinct membrane-bounded cisternae called Golgi stacks; major site of protein matration/sorting & lipid metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| pinch off of ER and travel to Golgi, fuse to release contents; orientation of membrane proteins is maintained |
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Term
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Definition
| KDEL, 4 amino acids @ carboxy terminus, binds to receptor on Golgi that cause the protein to be repackaged and move back to ER |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual disk-shaped compartment of the Golgi complex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Where some proteins must undergo specific proteolytic cleavage events to become active |
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Term
| Destinations for proteins |
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Definition
| Golgi Retention, Plasma Membrane/Constitutive Secretion (no special sorting signal), Secretory Vesicles (neurotransmitters), lysozomal proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| terminal sugar given to proteins destined for lysozome in the cis region of golgi; serves as a specific sorting signal that allows enzymes to be segragated into vesicles (Golgi -> Late endosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| small compartment containing 40-50 hydrolytic enzymes to break down large molecules, contains protein and ion pump that makes pH 5 |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoplasmic proteins interact w/trans golgi membrane to form clathrin coat |
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Term
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Definition
| special molecule on coat of lysozomal proteins that bind to adaptins |
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Term
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Definition
| interact with clathrin and binds directly to cytosolic portion of Golgi membrane proteins |
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Term
| Mannose-6-phosphate receptor |
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Definition
| protein that binds M6P-containing proteins; spans membrane where lumenal domain interacts with M6P and cytoplasmic domain interacts with adaptins |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins tagged with M6P -> Moves to Trans side -> M6P binds to its receptor which then allows for clathrin-adaptin coat to form -> as vesicle is formed, coat is removed -> delivered to late endosome -> M6P receptor disabled by low pH |
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Term
|
Definition
| Macromolecules taken up; Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| injestion of large particles |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
| very similar to M6P->lysozomal process; receptor is shuttled back and forth between Golgi and endosome |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated Endocytosis I |
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Definition
| uptake of LDL's by LDL receptor; plasma membrane receptors bind LDLs; receptors collect in clathrin-coated pit; Membrane invaginates to make clathrin-coated vesicle; Clathrin leaves and fuses with early Endosome; receptors release b/c low pH; contents delivered to late endosome; becomes lysosome |
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Term
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Definition
| region of plasma membrane coated with clathrin and adaptins (LDL receptors interact with adaptin proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pre-existing acidic compartment |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated Endocytosis II |
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Definition
| Scavenger pathway for lysomal enzymes; enzymes recovered from blood via RME |
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Term
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Definition
| contain protein coat mostly of clathrin + adaptins; mediate endocytosis and trasnport f/ trans Golgi to lysosozomes |
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Term
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Definition
| contain protein coat not of clathrin |
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Term
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Definition
| Bud from Golgi apparatus and mediate retrograde transport within Golgi and from Golgi back to ER |
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Term
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Definition
| Bud from ER and carry cargo forward to Golgi |
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Term
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Definition
| GTP-Binding protein that initiates formation of clathrin and COPI coated vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| Analgous to ARF but for COPII coated vesicles |
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Term
| Vesicle Formation (Clathrin) |
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Definition
| ARF-GDP -GEF> ARG-GTP which allows for adaptor protein to associate with membrane; Adaptor bind to proteins included in vesicle and also bind to clathrin which bends membrane to pinch off vesicle; ARF-GTP hydrolyzes and vesicle coat dissassembles |
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Term
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Definition
| One of each Rab and SNARE on both vesicle and target membrane, Rab associates with membrane through prenyl group->Rab-GDP-GEF>Rab-GTP; Rab+effector become associated with vesicle; the two separate Rab-Effectors tether each other, which brings SNAREproteins together; SNARE proteins twist together to fuse both membranes; SNARE proteins disassembled by NSF and SNAP |
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Term
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Definition
| cytosolic but can associate with membrane; in cytosol, kept in GDP-bound state by GDI; GDI removed by GDI displacement factor |
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Term
|
Definition
| v-SNARE on vessicle and t-SNARE on target membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Disassemble SNARE interactions in order to recycle SNARE proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| N-acetylgucosamine that gets added only at Medial Golgi |
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Term
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Definition
| isn't needed for vesicle transport, but gets translocated into the ER (can be used as a marker protein whether intra-Golgi transport occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| network of proteinacious filaments in the cytoplasm; helps maintain the shape of the cell; provide mechanical strength; framework in cell for transporting organelles and vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls voluntary movements and made up of many muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| each skeletal muscle fiber contains many nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| cylindrical organelles that are bundles of actomyosin filaments that run from one end of cell to other |
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Term
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Definition
| globular but assymetric protein that exists as soluble monomeric unit. Spontaneously polymerize into filaments; contain actin molecules all oriented in same direction (polarity) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Larger protein of 2 heavy, 2 light chains and 2 different light chains, head and tail regions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| functional unit of a myofibril; each myofibril contains multiple sarcomeres; each contains set of actin and myosin filaments organized |
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Term
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Definition
| bisects each light band and formed by Z disk |
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Term
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Definition
| structure that forms sarcomere boundary (to which thin filaments are bound |
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Term
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Definition
| middle of sarcomere to which thick filaments attached |
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Term
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Definition
| Myosin molecule binds ATP (release of head); ATP hydrolized (Myosin head cocks); Myosin head binds to adjacent actin and Pi is released; Binding releases ADP and makes conformational change) |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks actin binding sites |
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Term
|
Definition
| binds to Ca2+ and shifts troponin to expose actin binding sites |
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Term
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Definition
| network of vesicular membrane that surrounds each myofibril and releases calcium |
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Term
|
Definition
| rapidly pumps calcium back into SR for another contraction cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for involuntary contraction |
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Term
| Smooth muscle regulation of contraction |
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Definition
| Ca2+ regulates; although no troponin => myosin light chains phosphorylated by myosin light chain kinase; mysoin can only bind when light chain phosphorylated |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binds Ca2+ and changes its conformation; change in conformation => associates/activates myosin light chain kinase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Once cell divides into two |
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Term
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Definition
| ring of actin and myosin filaments; causes cell to pinch apart |
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Term
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Definition
| contains similar 'head' domain as muscle myosin (myosin 2) but has short 'tail' region and doesn't polymerize into filaments; forms interactions with vesicles and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| actin in cells form filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| actin in polymerized or filamentous form |
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Term
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Definition
| unpolymerized, globular, monomeric actin |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP->ADP once actin polymerizes; occurs at ATP end (barbed/plus) as opposed to (pointed/negative) |
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Term
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Definition
| when polymerization @ barbed end = rate of depolymerization @ pointed end |
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Term
| Role of actin in non-muscles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| drug that causes depolymerization of actin by blocking polymerization @ plus end |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased actin polymerization @ front of cell activated by Arp2/3 |
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Term
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Definition
| actin polymerization at the front until tail region retracts into cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to actin filaments and stabilizes them so that they can't depolymerize |
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Term
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Definition
| interact with actin monomers to promote the initial nucleation step' also move along filament and remain associated with plus end to aid polymerization |
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Term
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Definition
| first step in assembling new actin filament; when 3 actin monomers interact to form trimer |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex of 7 proteins that promotes actin filament polymerization and branching; binds to side of existing actin near plus end to form new branch' important for formation of lamellipida @ leading edge |
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Term
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Definition
| family of proteins that promote remodeling of actin filaments; bind preferentially to actin-ADP (minus end); once bound, enhances rate of dissociation of actin monomers f/ minus end; remains bound to actin-ADP and prevents reincorporation (sequestering); severs actin filaments by creating more plus ends to promote new polymerization |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to actin and stimulates exchange of bound ADP for ATP (promotes formation of actin-ATP; promotes polymerization; reverse the sequestering activity of cofilin (confilin binds actin-ATP poorly) |
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Term
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Definition
| in vivo actin polymerization conrolled by activities of profilin. Cofilin, formins, Arp2/3 |
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Term
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Definition
| cross-linking protein; long and flexible and form dimers which binds two actin filaments @ angles to each other; [lacking => unable to locomote] |
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Term
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Definition
| filaments organized via filamin to make cell stiff |
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Term
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Definition
| much like cross-linking proteins, but smaller that pack actin filaments into tight parallel arrays |
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Term
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Definition
| stiff, fingerlike etensions that are found on surface of some types of cells; arranged in actin arrays called parallel bundles |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 actin bundling proteins in microvilli [without villin -> cells don't have microvilli] |
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Term
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Definition
| actin association with cell surface (red blood cell); large tetrameric protein that binds both to actin filaments and to proteins that associate with plasma membrane (forms protein sandwhich) |
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Term
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Definition
| intermiate in size between actin and myosin; distributed around cytoplasm; prtect cells from mechanical stress; can interact with other IF molecule by coiling |
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Term
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Definition
| interact with each other to form rope like filament with great strength and elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| class of IF that can assemble and disassemble; form a network of filaments that underlie nuclear envelope (nuclear lamina disassembles during mitosis); regulated by phosphorylation state of lamins |
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Term
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Definition
| largest type of cytoskeletal filaments; made up of tubulin; contains 13 protofilaments side-by-side; |
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Term
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Definition
| dimer (2 polypeptide chains [alpha/beta]); assembles into linear strands called protofilaments |
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Term
| Microtubule polymerization |
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Definition
| overall polarity; addition occurs @ plus end; minus ends are generally embedded in MTOC; tubulin-GTP -> tubulin-GDP (less affinity to other tubulin units); |
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Term
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Definition
| MTs tend to grow/shrink from plus end; tubulin-GTP is more likely to polymerize than tubulin-GDP |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosome segregation; vesicle transport (provides pathway); also forms cilia and flagella |
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Term
| Microtubule organization center (MTOC) |
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Definition
| structure from which MTs actually eminate |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to tubulin and prevent them from polymerizing |
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Term
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Definition
| MTOC in animal cells; MT always point away from it; consists of 2 centrioles and surrounded by pericentriolar material; duplicate during cell division and become poles of mitotic spindle |
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Term
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Definition
| contains gamma tubulin (related to alpha and beta); forms direct interaction with cytoplasmic tubulin |
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Term
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Definition
| small cylindrical structures made up of microtubules; contains nine triplet mirotubules (each containing one complete MT fused to two incompletes) |
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Term
| Microtubule function in interphase cells |
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Definition
| exist as single strands from MTOC to periphery; largely to direct traffic of organelles and vesicles in cell |
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Term
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Definition
| minus end 'free' in cytosol' etremely stable and resistant to depolymerization by colchicine; stabilized by binding MAPs |
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Term
| Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) |
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Definition
| bind length of microtubule to stabilize them from depolymerization; may also function to link microtubules to other cellular components and determine organization of microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| from cell body to axon terminals; (-)->(+) |
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Term
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Definition
| from axon to cell body; (+)->(-) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterograde movement; large protein of 4 polypeptide chains; light chains allow for kinesin to interact with vesicles; ATP-dependent travel |
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Term
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Definition
| Retrograde movement; very large protein; seems to contribute to localization of intracellular organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| Kinesis and cytoplasmic dynein; can move MT's relative to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes diespersed; nucleolus visible/active; chromosomes duplicate; MTs distributed throughout cell; centrioles duplicate but embedded in pericentriolar material |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes condense; nucleolus disappears; MT array disappears; centrioles separate and become active as 2 distinct MTOCs; MTs attach to chromosomes and chromosomes move |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes line up on metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| sister chromatids separate and move to opposite spindle poles |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes are at each spindle pole, condense, nucleoli reappear; nuclear envelope reforms; mitotic spindle starts to disassemble |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contractile ring forms and divide cytoplasm into 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Disassembly increases=>shorter MTs; capacity of MTOCs nucleateing increases=>more MTs from MTOC |
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Term
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Definition
| multiprotein complex that forms on chromosome; MT associates and is protected from depolarization; depolymerization by middle motor kinesins |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes connected to both spindle poles => pulled back and forth until lined up on metaphase plate (equilibrium position) |
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Term
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Definition
| poleward chromosome movement; connection between sister chromatid separated' movement of chromosome toward pole (rapid depolymerization of MTs); |
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Term
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Definition
| Separation of poles; MT polymerization and MT sliding; |
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Term
|
Definition
| undergo mitosis or cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gap phase; extensive growth and biosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| another period of growth and biosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the population undergo the same cell cycle event at roughly the same time; done by introducing drug that stops M phase and washing out |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division cycle gene; kinase; found in yeast; produces Cdk1 |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein kinase in all eukaryotes similar to cdc2; present throughout cell cycle; only active when bound to Cyclin; inactive because kinases phosphorylate it |
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Term
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Definition
| concerved cell cycle regulator encoded by cdc13; accumulates during interphase G2 and associates with Cdk1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Both required for cells to enter M-phase; bind together to form a complex; kinase active; transition from G2 -> M only when complex accumulates; after critical amount, burst of MPF (M-phase promoting factor) activity occurs and M-phase induced; kept inactive by phosphorylated Cdk1; terminated by proteolytic degradation of cyclin B |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear envelope breaks down by phosphorylation of nuclear lamins; chromosome condensation by phosphorylation of condensin associated with chromatin |
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Term
| Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk's) |
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Definition
| kinase/cyclin complexes that perform different regulatory role in cell |
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Term
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Definition
| product of yeast's cdc2 gene; associates with 3 different cyclin proteins [Mitotic, G1, S-Phase] |
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Term
|
Definition
| peak during M-phase and related to cyclin B |
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Term
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Definition
| required for start and peak during G1 |
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Term
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Definition
| required for passage through S-phase and peak during S |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs during G1 in both yeast and humans; requires activity of Cdk-G1 Cyclin; regulates how much a cell can go through to S phase (can hold back); involves phosphorylation of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| controls that allow cell cycle to be arrested in certain conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| cells don't enter M-phase unelss DNA replication is completed; prevents chromosomes from aligning on metphase spindle |
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Term
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Definition
| bind directly to particular cdk/cyclin complext to inhibit actvity; checkpoints mediated by CKIs |
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Term
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Definition
| Resting state; cells enter after division and before restriction point or 'start' |
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Term
|
Definition
| mix of soluble factors in blood |
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Term
| Platelet derived growth factor PDGF |
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Definition
| Binding of PDGF to PDGF receptor induces 2 PDGF receptor molecules to associate/dimerize (phosphorylate each other |
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Term
|
Definition
| presence of a factor must be translated into intracellular signal that can result in cellular activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| series of reactions that ultimately leads to activation of transcription factors which are responsible for turning on/off genes |
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Term
|
Definition
| essentially mutants whose proliferation is no longer properly controlled |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| gene before becoming cancerous |
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Term
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Definition
| small GTP-binding protein; important regulator of cell proliferation; mutants are oncogenic; binds GTP and hydrolyzes it to GDP; GTP hydrolysis acts as a switch for Ras (on/off); binds GTP and is active |
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Term
|
Definition
| integral membrane protein; contains domain that specifically binds to its ligand; contain cytoplasmic domain essential for transmitting extracellular signal (binding of ligand) to cytoplasm of cell; PDGF and EGF; tyrosine kinase activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein that catalyazes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on another protein |
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Term
| SOS = guanine nucleotide exchange factor GNEF |
|
Definition
| promotes Ras activity by increasing rate GDP->GTP |
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Term
| Ras-GAP (GTPase activating protein) |
|
Definition
| decreases Ras activity by increasing Ras hydrolyzation rate |
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Term
| Intracellular location of Ras |
|
Definition
| located in cytosolic compartment; after Ras made and binds lipid molecule at C-terminus=>hydrophobic=>binds tightly to membranes; found in tight association with cytoplasmic face of plasma membrane (without binding, cannot stimulate cell proliferation) |
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Term
|
Definition
| In drosophila photoreceptor development; acts as a linker, when bound to SOS, between activated receptors and Ras-GDP -> Ras-GTP |
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Term
|
Definition
| Similar to DRK and binds to mammalian EGF receptor and mammalian SOS after exposure to EGF |
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Term
|
Definition
| Kinase that is activated when bound to Ras; when activated, phosphorylates other proteins on SERINE and THREONINE; deactivated when Ras turns off by hydrolysis; |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein kinase that is activated by Raf and phosphorylates MAP |
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Term
|
Definition
| Another kinase activated by MEK |
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Term
|
Definition
| expressed during cell proliferation; combines with Cdk4 and Cdk6 to promote passage through restriction point; Growth factors->Ras/Raf/ERK/MEK -> Synthesis of Cyclin D -> makes complex |
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|
