Term
mercantilism
free enterprise |
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Definition
mercantilism—an economic theory that a country’s strength is measured by the amount of gold it has, that a country should sell more than it buys and that the colonies exist for the benefit of the Mother Country
free enterprise—economic system with few governmental restrictions (relies on supply and demand to regulate itself) |
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Term
Documents that Influenced U.S. Government
Magna Carta English Bill of Rights
Mayflower Compact
Declaration of Independence
Federalist Paper and anti-federalist writings |
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Definition
Magna Carta—limited the power of the ruler
English Bill of Rights—protected rights of English citizens
Mayflower Compact—agreement for self-government and
majority rule
Declaration of Independence—independence declared because King George had violated colonists’ rights
Federalist Papers—defended the strong central government
set up by the U.S. Constitution |
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Term
Sectionalism
states’ rights
tariff policies
Nullification Crisis
Civil War |
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Definition
sectionalism—tension between North and South as each region place their own interests above those of the whole nation
slavery
states’ rights—idea that the power of the states’ governments should not be trampled by the national government
tariff policies—federal government put high taxes on imported goods to protect Northern industry, but this hurt Southerners who relied on imported goods
Nullification Crisis—South Carolina decided that it had the right to reject (nullify) federal laws that didn’t benefit their state. |
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Term
Articles of Confederation
weaknesses and strengths
including the
Northwest Ordinance |
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Definition
Articles of Confederation Weaknesses: couldn’t tax, couldn’t enforce laws, 1 vote per
state, no executive or judicial branches
Strengths:
Northwest Ordinance—law that set the pattern for how all
of the territories would become states. (Once 60,000 lived
in a territory, it could apply to Congress for statehood.) |
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Term
| Amendment process (How to change the Constitution) |
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Definition
| Proposal by 2/3 vote of both Houses or by 2/3 vote of national convention; Ratify by 3/4 of state legislatures or 3/4 state conventions |
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Term
Philadelphia Convention of 1787
Great Compromise
3/5ths Compromise
Federalists and Anti-Federalists
U.S. Constitution |
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Definition
Philadelphia Convention of 1787 Great Compromise—provided for a Senate (2 from each state)
and a House (based on state’s population)
3/5ths Compromise—1 slave counted as 3/5ths of a person for
representation and taxation purposes
Federalists and Anti-Federalists—argued over the strength of
the federal government
U.S. Constitution—the rules by which our government runs |
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Term
| 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments |
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Definition
13th Amendment (1865)—ended slavery in the U.S.
14th Amendment (1868)—protected the civil rights of all Americans. As citizens, even former slaves were protected by the Bill of Rights.
15th Amendment (1870)— |
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Term
Federalists Anti-Federalists
Alexander Hamilton Patrick Henry
James Madison |
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Definition
Federalists
-wanted strong national government
-wanted a strong executive branch
-each branch should have equal powers
Anti-Federalists
-feared for loss of individual rights
-feared the executive might be like a king
-wanted the legislature to be the strongest branch
-wanted Bill of Rights |
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Term
Marbury v. Madison
Judicial review
Dred Scott v. Sandford |
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Definition
Marbury v. Madison
This Supreme Court case established judicial review which means that the Supreme Court has the right to review all laws passed by Congress and declare them unconstitutional, if necessary.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Supreme Court said that African-Americans were not citizens, and the Missouri Compromise was not constitutional. This decision increased sectionalism. |
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Term
Bill of Rights
(First Ten Amendments) |
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Definition
1-Freedom of speech, press, religion, petition, peaceable assembly
2-Right to bear arms (own weapons)
3-No quartering of soldiers (having to house them)
4-No unreasonable search and seizure
5-No double jeopardy or witness against yourself
6-Right to a speedy, public trial with a lawyer
7-Right to trial by jury in civil cases
8-No excessive bail or fines. No cruel or unusual punishment.
9-Rights listed in Constitution do not deny other rights
10-Powers not given to the U.S. by the Constitution are reserved
to the States or to the people. |
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Term
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Definition
unalienable rights—life, liberty, and
pursuit of happiness.
All humans have unalienable rights that cannot be taken away without due process of law. |
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Term
Grievances listed in the
Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
King is a tyrant,
he deprived colonists of right of trial by jury,
he imposed taxes without their consent,
he dissolved legislatures,
he kept standing armies in the colonies in times of peace |
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Term
citizenship
civic virtue
civil disobedience |
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Definition
citizenship—the rights, duties, and privileges of a member
of a community
civic virtue—doing what is right for the good of all citizens
civil disobedience—the refusal to obey a law because one
believes that the law is immoral or wrong |
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Term
U.S. Acquisitions
Original 13 States
Louisiana Purchase
Florida
Annexation of Texas
Oregon Territory
Mexican Cession
Gadsden Purchase |
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Definition
U.S. Acquisitions
1) Original 13 States and Territory—Treaty of Paris 1783
2) Louisiana Purchase—Jefferson approved purchase in 1803
3) Florida—acquired by negotiation in 1819
4) Annexation of Texas—U.S. annexed Texas in 1845
5) Oregon Territory—acquired by negotiation with England,
1846
6) Mexican Cession—acquired by conquest at the end of the
Mexican War, 1848
7) Gadsden Purchase—purchased from Mexico in 1853 |
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Term
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Definition
point of view—a person’s view of someone or something; standpoint
bias—a favorable or unfavorable opinion about someone or something that makes it difficult to be open-minded about new information; prejudice |
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Term
industrialization urbanization
mass production assembly line |
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Definition
industrialization—using industry (factories and trade) on a large
scale
urbanization—more people moving to live in the cities so as to
work in industry
mass production—the production of large quantities of items by
machines
assembly line—a line of factory workers and equipment along which a product being assembled passes with each person completing just one part of the construction |
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Term
What should you do first when reading
a map, graph, or chart?
What should you do first when reading
a primary source? |
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Definition
What should you do first when reading
a map, graph, or chart?
Circle the title
What should you do first when reading
a primary source?
Circle the author |
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Term
Reformers
Frederick Douglass
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Harriet Beecher Stowe |
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Definition
Frederick Douglass—abolitionist and former slave
Elizabeth Cady Stanton—worked for women’s rights
Harriet Beecher Stowe—wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin which
increased anti-slavery feelings in the North |
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Term
People of the Civil War
Abraham Lincoln
Ulysses S. Grant
Jefferson Davis
Robert E. Lee |
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Definition
North (Blue)
Union
Abraham Lincoln—President of the United States
Ulysses S. Grant—Commanding General of the United States
South (Gray)
Confederacy
Jefferson Davis—President of the Confederate States of America
Robert E. Lee—Commanding General of the Confederate States of America |
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Term
Effects of Inventions
steamboat
cotton gin |
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Definition
steamboat—made it easier and faster to transport goods and
people up and down rivers
cotton gin—made growing cotton more profitable because it
quickly separated cotton fiber from seeds. To increase their
own wealth, plantation owners purchased more slaves to
grow more cotton. |
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Term
President Jackson’s Cherokee Indian Resettlement
and the Trail of Tears |
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Definition
President Jackson’s Cherokee Indian Resettlement—white people in Georgia wanted control over the Cherokees and their lands. Congress passed and Pres. Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act which would move all Cherokees from east of the Mississippi to Indian Territory.
Trail of Tears—Cherokees were forced to leave their farms and cattle and move to Indian Territory. About 4000 died on the move because of lack of food, freezing weather, and disease. |
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Term
Reform Movements
public education
abolitionism
temperance
women’s rights—suffrage |
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Definition
public education—pushed to educate more people
abolitionism—the movement to end slavery
temperance—campaign to stop the sale and drinking of alcohol
women’s rights—working to obtain the right to vote for women
(suffrage) |
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Term
| Seven Principles of the U.S. Constitution |
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Definition
federalism—power is shared between central (federal) government and state governments
popular sovereignty—a government in which the people rule
limited government—government is limited to the power given it by the Constitution
republicanism—people elect representatives to exercise power
individual rights—unalienable rights guaranteed to all citizens
checks and balances—each branch can check the other two
separation of powers—each branch of government as separate powers (legislature makes laws; executive enforces laws; judicial interprets laws) |
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Term
primary source
interviews
artifacts
secondary source
biography
textbook |
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Definition
primary source—written by an eyewitness, someone who lived at the time
interviews
speeches
letters
photographs
artifacts
secondary source—writes about history but didn’t experience the event himself/herself
biography
textbook |
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Term
Social Studies Terms
economic
social
political
geographic |
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Definition
economic—deals with the production, distribution and use of
goods and money
social—deals with the life, well being, and relations of human
beings in a community
political—deals with government and governing
geographic—the natural features, population, industries and
resources of a region |
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Term
5 Dates
1607
1776
1787
1803
1861-1865 |
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Definition
1607—first permanent English settlement, Jamestown, Virginia
1776—Declaration of Independence signed.
1787—Constitutional Convention meets in Philadelphia
1803—Jefferson approves Louisiana Purchase (doubles size of U.S. and encourages westward expansion)
1861—Civil War begins at Ft. Sumter, SC
1863—Emancipation Proclamation frees all slaves in rebelling
territories
1865—Civil War ends at Appomattox Court House |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea that the U.S. has the God-given right to all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Expansionists believed that the U.S. was destined to expand to the Pacific Ocean because of its social, economic, and political supremacy as well as its need for land for its growing population. |
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Term
American Revolution
Lexington and Concord
Saratoga
Yorktown
Treaty of Paris 1783 |
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Definition
American Revolution (alphabetical: L/C, S, Y)
Lexington and Concord—“Shot Heard ‘Round the
World”—First two battles
Saratoga—turning point of the Revolution. U.S. won
and France decided to help them.
Yorktown—last battle of the Revolution
Treaty of Paris 1783—document that ended the war and
gave the new U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River |
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Term
Order in which you will cross these going from
east to west across the United States?
Rocky Mountains
Appalachian Mountains
Mississippi River
Great Plains |
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Definition
1.) Appalachian Mountains
2.) Mississippi River
3.) Great Plains
4.) Rocky Mountains |
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Term
People of the American Revolution
Samuel Adams
Benjamin Franklin
King George III
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Paine
George Washington |
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Definition
American Revolution (alphabetical: L/C, S, Y)
Lexington and Concord—“Shot Heard ‘Round the
World”—First two battles
Saratoga—turning point of the Revolution. U.S. won
and France decided to help them.
Yorktown—last battle of the Revolution
Treaty of Paris 1783—document that ended the war and
gave the new U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River |
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Term
mercantilism
free enterprise |
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Definition
mercantilism—an economic theory that a country’s strength is measured by the amount of gold it has, that a country should sell more than it buys and that the colonies exist for the benefit of the Mother Country
free enterprise—economic system with few governmental restrictions (relies on supply and demand to regulate itself) |
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Term
War of 1812
Causes and Effects |
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Definition
Causes
-Interference with shipping—British stopped American merchant ships
-Impressment—British were forcing sailors to serve in their navy
-British give weapons to Native Americans
Effects
-Increased patriotism—spirit of pride
-Weakened Native American resistance
-Growing U.S. manufacturing—Americans stopped buying imports and started buying goods produced in America |
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Term
Mexican War
Causes and Effects |
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Definition
Mexican War
Causes
•
U.S. wanted Mexico’s land (Manifest Destiny)
•
Mexico was mad at U.S. for annexing Texas
Mexican War
Effects
•
Mexican Cession (U.S. gained CA, NV, UT, AZ, NM, CO, WY)
•
Mexico recognized Texas as part of the U.S. as well |
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Term
Steps to the Civil War
Protective tariffs
John C. Calhoun
Henry Clay
Daniel Webster |
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Definition
Protective tariffs—high taxes on imported goods to encourage people not to buy goods from other countries.
John C. Calhoun—pro-states’ rights, from SC, created the Doctrine of Nullification
Henry Clay—famous senator from the West who wrote many compromises and supported tariffs
Daniel Webster—famous senator from the North who put importance of Union above that of the states and opposed
slavery and nullification |
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Term
Washington’s
Farewell Address
Monroe Doctrine |
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Definition
Washington’s Farewell Address—Washington urged U.S. to remain neutral toward other countries and not to have political parties.
Monroe Doctrine—James Monroe, the 5th President, warned Europe to stay out of the Americas, North and South. No colonization allowed! |
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Term
Chronology of the Civil War
Ft. Sumter
Emancipation Proclamation
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
Appomattox Court House
assassination of Lincoln |
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Definition
Events of the Civil War
Ft. Sumter—first shots of the war are fired in SC
Emancipation Proclamation—freed all slaves in rebelling
states, Jan. 1, 1863
Gettysburg—important battle in PA, Union won
Vicksburg—Union won control of Mississippi River which
split the Confederacy into two parts
Appomattox Court House—Gen. Lee signs surrender
assassination of Lincoln |
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