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| an epidemic outbreak of bubonic plague in Europe around 1348 that killed between one-third and two-thirds of the population in less than five years. The epidemic spanned from China to England to North Africa, transmitted along the Silk Road and other trade routes. |
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| a medieval military expedition, one of a series made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries |
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| the lands comprising ancient Palestine & including the holy land of the Jewish, Christian, & Islamic religions |
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| lasted from 1299 to 1923 as one of the largest and longest-lasting empires in history. Its capital city was Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). The empire was at the center of interactions between Eastern and Western civilization for six centuries. |
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| The Ottoman Empire reached its fullest extent under his rule. |
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| A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. |
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| was a Hui court eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China's early Ming dynasty. Born Ma He, Zheng commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433. |
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| are the descendants of the famed Empire Builder Chingiz (Genghis) Khan. As such, they have played a more prominent role in world history than any other people of North or Middle Asia. |
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| is a virtue of respect for one's father, elders, and ancestors |
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