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| Group of statements; One or more claims to provide support for one of the statements; to give reasons for believing a certain claim and evidence. |
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| Premises actually do provide adequate support for the conclusion |
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| It is POSSIBLE for a group of statements to be true together (They COULD have possibly happened together) |
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| It is IMPOSSIBLE for a group of statements to be true together. Example: Tim Pawlenty is married and is a bachelor. |
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| P Entails Q when it is impossible for P to be true and Q to be false. (Works alone or in groups) |
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| It is impossible for its premises to be true and its conclusion to be false. A valid argument is valid in virtue of its form. |
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| Premises is true and Conclusion is false. |
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| An argument is sound IF and ONLY IF a. it's valid b. all of its premises are true |
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| May be invalid, have one or more false premises or both |
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| A statement: If P, Then Q. |
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| Conditional is: If P, Then Q. Antecedent is "P" |
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| Conditional: If P, Then Q. Consequent is "Q". |
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| p OR q. p&q are the disjuncts. |
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| It is not the case that P. NOT P. |
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| p AND q. p&q are the conjuncts. Can use other words besides "and": but, however, moreovoer, although, yet, even, though... |
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| P if and only if Q. It's a conjunction of 2 conditionals. |
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| If P, Then Q. P isn't true without Q being true. |
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| If P, Then Q. P's being true makes Q true as well |
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Definition
If P, Then Q.
P.
Therefore, Q. |
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Fallacy to Modus Ponens
If P, Then Q.
Q.
Therefore, P. |
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Definition
If P, Then Q.
Not Q.
Therefore, Not P. |
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Fallacy of Modus Tollens
If P, then Q.
Not P.
Therefore, not Q. |
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Term
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Definition
Deductive strategy, uses modus tollens.
1. Prove P.
2. Assume opposite not P.
3. Argue assumption makes Q.
4. Show Q is false/silly.
5. Conclude P is true. |
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Definition
If P, Then Q.
If Q, Then R.
Therefore, if P, then R. |
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EITHER P OR Q.
Not P.
Therefore, Q. |
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Either P or Q.
If P, then R
If Q, then S
Therefore, R or S. |
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IF-signals presence of Sufficient condition
ONLY IF- signals presence of necessary condition |
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| Statements that are claimed to provide reasons to believing the conclusion. (provide evidence and support.) |
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| Statement that argument's proponent is seeking to justify by means of the argument. there are provided reasons for believing the conclusion=premises. |
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| Since, As indicated that, Because, For, In that, As, Given that, May be inferred from, In as much as |
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| Therefore, Wherefore, Thus, Consequently, We may infer, Accordingly, Implies that, As a result, Entails that |
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T/F
Every Argument with a true conclusion is sound |
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T/F
Given a valid argument, if all of its premises are false, then its conclusion must be false as well. |
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T/F
If an argument is invalid, then it must have true premises and a false conclusion. |
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T/F
Every unsound argument is invalid. |
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Definition
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T/F
Every sound argument has a true conclusion |
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T/F
Given a conditional, its antecedent is a sufficient condition for its consequent.
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T/F
If an argument has the form DILEMMA and its conclusion is false, then one or more of its premises must be false. |
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T/F
Any argument that commits that fallacy of denying the antecedent has a false conclusion. |
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T/F
If a given argument is valid in virtue of its form, then every argument that has the same form is also a valid argument. |
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T/F
"It follows that..." is a premise indicator |
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Definition
| FALSE, it is NOT a premise indicator, it's a conclusion indicator. |
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T/F
Is it possible for a valid argument to have false premises and a true conclusion? |
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T/F
Any argument that employs the reductio strategy has a true conclusion. |
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Consider the following statement: "If Joe Sakic lives in Denver, then he lives in Colorado."
What can we correctly infer?
A. Joe's living in colorado is a necessary condition for his living in Denver.
B. Joe's living in Colorado is a sufficient condition for his living in Denver. |
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