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| A Frankish statesman and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until death |
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| Also known as Charles the Great, King of the Franks who united most of Western Europe during the middle ages and laid the foundations for modern France and Germany |
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| Battle of Tours/ pointier |
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| Fought on October 10, 732 between forces under the Frankish leader Charles Martel and a massice invading Islamic army led by Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi Abd al Tahman, near the city of Tours |
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| Was an English Scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. Born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York |
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| Servents of the lord…Charlemagne’s Investigators |
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| Divided Charlemagne’s empire between his grandsons |
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| A heavy plow important to medieval agriculture in Northern Europe. Was used to turn heavy soil and may have required a team of eight oxen |
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| Is a regime of crop rotation in use in medieval and early-modern Europe. Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons |
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| "European Climate Optimum" |
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| a time of warm climate in the north atlantic region that may also have been related to other climate events around the world during that time, including China and other areas. Lasting from about 950 AD to 1250 |
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| Philip II, was a Capetian King of France who reigned from 1180 to 1223, and the first to be called by that title |
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| Was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician. He was also a composer. His affair and love for Heloise d’Argenteuil has begcome legendary. |
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| Was an Italian Dominican friar and Catholic priest who was an immensely influtential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, within which he is also known as the Doctor Angelicus and Doctor Communis |
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| The lord and the vassal would take part in a commendation ceremony composed of two parts, the homage and the fealty including the use of Christian sacraments to show its scared importance |
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| Annual cycle of trading fairs held in town in the Champagne and Brie regions of France in the Middle Ages. From their origins in local agricultural and stock fairs, the Champagne fairs became an important engine in the reviving economic history of medieval Europe. |
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| An Italian Catholic friar and preacher. He founded the men’s Order of Friars Minor and the women’s Order of St. Clare, and the Third Order of Saint Francis for men and women |
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| Otto the Great, a German king from 936 and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 962 until his death in 973 |
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| Was the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of popes challenged the authority of European monarchies |
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| King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first French monarch of the House of Bourbon |
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| Pope Saint Gregory VII, born Hildebrand of Sovana, was Pope Form 22 April 1072 to his death in 1085 |
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| In 1122, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor entered into an agreement with Pope Calistus II |
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| Regined from 8 January 1198 to his death. Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential popes |
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| Pope from 24 December 1294 to death in 1303. He organized the first Roman Catholic “jubilee” year to take place in Rome and declared both spiritual |
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| Was the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid Dynasty |
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| Ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England, and Lord of Ireland (1154-1189) |
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| First drafted by Archbishop of Canerbury to make peace between the unpopular King and group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown |
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| Period between about 1300 and 1870 during which Europe and North America were subjected to much colder winters than during the 20th century. Broken into two phases, first around beginning of 1300 and continuing until late 1400 |
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| A Gram-negative, rod-shaped cccobaculluis, a facultative anaerobic bacterium that can infect humans and animals. it causes the deadly disease named the plague |
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| Law created by the English parliament under King Edward III in 1351 in response to a labour shortage, designed to suppress the labor force by prohibiting increases in wages and prohibiting the movement of workers from their home areas in search of improved conditions. It was poorly enforced and did not stop the rise in wages. |
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| A popular revolt in late-medieval Europe by peasants that took place in northern France in the summer of 1358 during the Hundred Year War. |
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| Was a reform movement in the 14th-16th century Catholic church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an Ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope. The movement emerged in response to the Great Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon. |
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| A heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. |
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