The use of all available resources and strategies to manage pests

provides opportunity to improve efficiency of pest control programs while reducing their negative impacts

considers changes in pests, available control techniques (natural and applied), weather, economic circumstances

• Mechanical= screens, nets, traps
• Physical= manipulation of water, humidity, temp
• Chemical= use natural or lab created chemicals
• Cultural= manip. environment, prune, move objects
• Genetic= use plant & animal that are resistent
• Biological= intro of natural predators or parasites of pests
• Legal=limit pest population by restricitng human activities (inspections to prevent new species from coming into a state)

substances added to pesticide and tank mixtures to increase safety/effectiveness

stickers, surfactants, penetrants, safeners, buffers, compatibility agents, emulsifiers, antifoaming, foaming agents, drift retardants, and thickeners

• Systematic= fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, rodenticide (translocated in plants or fed animal to protect from infestation)
• Contact= pest must come into contact w/infected area

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenicide Act (Adminstered by E.P.A)

• Basis for regulation, sale, distribution, use of pesticides and disposal. 
• Authorizes EPA to review and register pesticides for specified uses.
• State laws must conform to FIFRA's
• Accurate labeling and who can use it

State Laws on Pesticides:

WPAA

and

WPCA

Washington Protection Application Act= Administered by WSDA (Washington State Dept. of Agri.).  Deals w/pesticide use requirements, include applicator recordkeeping and licensing, landscape posting & pesticide sensitive registry

Washington Pesticide Control Act= Administered by WSDA (Washington State Dept. of Agri.).  Deals with registering and distribution of pesticides, include dealer and consultant licensing

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (Under USDA)

=

protecting and promoting U.S. agricultural health, regulating genetically engineered organisms, administering the Animal Welfare Act and carrying out wildlife damage management activities. 

• Both OSHA and NIOSH created by the Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1970
• Under Department of Labor
• responsible for developing and enforcing workplace safety and health regulations

American Cockroach

• Largest species, from south, rare here
• adult live up to 15 months
• 1 1/2 inch long, red-brown w/light band around edge of shield behind head
• eggs cases found in sheltered spots, near floor and food
• 7-13 instars
• both sexes can fly (seldom), well-developed wings, M extend beyond abdomen, F do not
• Egg case contains 16 eggs, 1 case per week until 15-90 are produced

Brownbanded Cockroach

• identical to german except lacks stripes behind head on thorax
• M wings cover abd., F short and never cover all of abd.  F abd. much broader/more rounded than M.  only males fly
• live 3 to 11 months, Household, any room, 1/2 inch long
• 16 eggs per case (10-20 cases in lifetime), eggs 1/4 in, attached in clusters to furniture, electronics, walls, draperies, decorations, shelves, ceilings. F carries each case for 1 to 2 days

Oriental Cockroach

• not native, found in the east, likes restuarants and commercial buildings, cool, moist areas
• uniform gloss/dark-brown to black, F 1 1/4 in long w/ broad abd. & stubby wings, M 1 in long, slender/wings cover 2/3rds abd.  Neither flies or runs quickly
• 1 to 6 months lifespan, feeds on decay organic matter, filthiest
• 16 eggs (8-15 egg case per life), dark red/brown, 1/2 in long, deposited in sheltered loc. near food supply
• 8-10 instars

German Cockroach

• multiplies the fastest, common in apts., restuarants, hospitals, or other food storage or prep. E WA common in houses
• 1/2 in long, pale brown w/2 dark brown lenthwise stripes on shield behind head.  adults fully winged but don't fly
• live ideally up to 12 months
• 30-48 eggs per case (4-8 case in life), eggs 1/3 in long, carried by f protrude out of abd., deposited in secluded loc.
• 5-7 instars

• house dwelling; prefer warmer areas;boiler rooms, hot water heaters, attics, ovens, moderate humidity 100 temp, dark, active at night
• 3-4 year lifespan 1/2 in long, fine scales on body, no wings
• feed on paper products, glues and fabrics
• no metamorphosis
• chew mouth parts, gray with dark patches on back
• long antennae and three long anal appendages

• house dwelling; near basements, lower floors, crawl spaces, dark, active at night. 70-80 temp, high humidity.  5-50 eggs per clutch, produce nymphs
• 3 year lifespan 1/2 in long, fine scales on body, silver, no wings
• feed on paper products, flour, sugar, glues and fabrics
• no metamorphosis, molt continuously through life
• chew mouth parts, gray with dark patches on back
• long antennae and three long anal appendages

Springtail

• very small 0.08 in, no metamorphosis, chew parts, antennae 4-8 segments, no wings
• thrives in moisture, feed on decaying organic matter (fungus), attack green houses
• appendage on ventral side acts a spring for faster escape

·        Order Isoptera, largest species

·         +1 inch in length plus wings, soldiers ¾ inch long

·         Cream colored to dark brown, soldiers reddish brown-black head w/cream colored body

·         Require dampness and moisture

·         Live in wood, don’t live in soil

·         Pellets loosely scattered on wood

·         3/8 of an inch, include wings. Soldiers ¼ inch, mostly head and mandible

·         Dark brown to brownish black w/brownish-grey wings

·         Mud tubes

·         Pellets usually inside mud tubes or incorporated in them

Fleas

·         Complex metamorphs (larva to adult)

·         Pierce-suck mouth parts in adult, chew type in larval form

·         Short three-jointed antennae that fit in groove

·         No wings, powerful legs

·         Ectoparasites as adults, larvae eat organic debris and adult feces

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health 

• created by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (also created OSHA)
• part of CDC (center for diseases control) in the dept. of health and human services
• helps ensure worker's safe and health working conditions by providing training, research, info, education in occupational safety and health

Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act

enforced by FDA for food production

States: Unlawful to prepare, package or store food under conditions whereby the food may become contaminated or cause health issues in the general public

Good Manufacturing Practices

developed by FDA, helps food processors comply with Section 402 (a) (4)

criteria for measuring compliance and to prevent food contamination from:

filth, harmful chemicals, undesirable microbes, other material such as heavy metals

• resembles drugstore beetle appearance & lifestyle, differs in smooth forewings
• attacks same things as drugstore Beetles, but w/wider food range, really likes tobacco products and spices
• complex metamorph (egg, larva, pupa, adult), chewing parts, long antennae, can fly
• less than 1/8 in
• 3-6 generations per year, temp&humidity dependent

• brownish, 1/8 in long, distinct lines/grooves on forewings
• will burrow through wood to get to foodstuff, animal products, drugs, toxic material, pet food, spices
• egg, larva, pupa, adult, 1-4 generations per year, food&temp influence pop.
• food quality matters little, has symbiotic organisms that produce B vitamins in its digestive tract.

• 1/8 in, elongated, small, red-brown to black, found in cereal products, complex metamorph (egg, larva, pupa, adult)
• some fly, but rare, others unable to
• in heated buildings, 4-5 generations per year
• common species; red and confused flour beetles
• like old flour and broken up grains and seeds

FDA (Federal Food and Drug Administration)

Agency under the Dept. of Health and Social Services, which is concerned w/public health, including food and drug safety.  Gets regulartory power from FD&CA

USDA (U.S. Dept. of Agri.)

Develops and executes federal gov. policy on farming, agriculture, and food (dairy, meat, eggs, organic, food processing, canaries, produce handling)

AIB

and

ASI

American Institute of Baking

based off of FD&CA, GMPs, FIFRA, and military food-safety standards

American Sanitation Institute

Essentially Non-gov agencies that assess and audit food processing plants and make sure that they are in compliance with federal law, sometimes requesting more detail than the state requires

Other organizations: AIBI (institute of baking international), Cook&Thurber, Entech, NFPA (national food proccessors association), Silliker Laboratories, Yum brands (tricon), Commercial environmental services

inspection by a third-party inspection agency, examine sanitation, structural deficiencies, or people practices that could affect pest fluxuations

Assess how a plant meets all of the GMPs (we only look at a few areas)

• 1/16-1/4 in long, elongate or oval, vary in color&pattern
• eat dead insects, food, grain products, fur, wool, feathers, pollen
• complex metamorph (egg, larva, pupa, adult)
• no legs on abdomen
• fly in from outdoors

Indian Meal Moth

• Order Lepidoptera
• wingspan 3/4 in, easily distinguised by peculiar forewing markings that are reddish-brown with copper luster on outer two thirds, whitish gray on inside
• F lay 100-300 eggs on food material, larvae (1/2 in long) or caterpillars emerge and feed on grain and other foodstuffs
• larva leaves silken thread whereever it crawls, dense enough to observe

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points

regulation requiring food processing companies to analyze entire product cycle  raw ingredients, production, packaging, storage, transport, and distribution.   They must identify contamination potentially occur from physical, chemical, or microbes.   Take steps to prevent contamination of food.   Create a written document showing the steps they take.

• yellow to brown, monomorphic (workers same size), occur throughout WA
• found in decayed stumps, logs, soil, associated w/rotting wood in houses (not primary structural pest), moisture problems already exist before they move in
• like sweet food, such as aphid honeydew
• confused w/carpenter, difference notch or dip on thoracic dorsum

Fruit Flies

• Most common, 8-10 day lifespan, less than 1/8 in, tan, red eyes, wings folded over abdomen
• attracted to light, find dead ones next to windowsills
• travel in on fruit and vegetables
• indicate sanitation issues

Drain Flies

• indicate sanitation issues
• occur in drains
• fuzzy bug with wings
• confused with fruit flies
• complex metamorphs

Phorid Fly

• one of the most difficult flies to manage
• small head, flattened femur, tan, heavy veins, high-arched thorax, dark eyes
• nickname "humpbacked fly", attracted to light
• develop in more of a variety of substrate, but moist, decaying organic matter works well, such as under foundation slabs were sewedge is leaking out
• 15-30 day lifespan

House fly

• four dark stripes on thorax, wing held flat/slightly angled
• develop in manure but also garbage, rarely develop indoors, but on occasion make it inside and deposit eggs in trash cans
• live 8 days
• Likes 83 degree temp, warm air coming from cracks in walls or open doors greatly attracts

Blow Fly

• both blow and bottle flies irridescent
• work w/bacteria to decompose carcasses/recycle nutrients
• 10 days to 3 weeks lifespan
• sudden appearance of large numbers of these indicates presence of dead animal
• when maggots mature, they crawl away feeding site along walls till they get into corners
• likes 83 degree tem, warm air coming from cracks in walls or open doors greatly attracts

Flesh Fly

• Three dark stripes on thorax or pronotum
• can transmit bacteria (like cryptosporidiosis) to food and food surfaces 
• like 83 degree temp, warm air coming from cracks in walls or open doors greatly attracts

House Mouse

• ranges 10-30 ft away from nest
• requires little water, will drink if available.
• 5-8 in tail to head, live 18 months indoor, out 6 months
• ears larges/distinct, dark brown, black, or gray, tail(hairless) almost as long as body and head combined
• weigh 1 ounce, head 1/4 in height
• breed indoor all year, out spring and fall, 3 week gestation, avg litter size 6 (range 2-13), litter every 6 weeks, 50 pups a year

Norway Rat

• 16 in long tail-nose, 1 pound, tail shorter than body, gray/black/brown/red-brown
• breed inside all year, out spring and fall.  3 wks gestation, avg litter 8 pups, 8-12 weeks sexually mature, in 1 year can have 20 pups or more, can breed within days of giving birth
• live 3 years captivity, 1 year outside
• burrow, feces blunt and rounded
• will forage up to 100 ft from the nest

Roof Rat (black, ship, and house rat)

• feces pointed, lives high up, will travel 300 or more ft
• coastal and seaport rat, roof rat involved in black plague
• 3-4 litters (6 pups per litter), sexually mature at 12 weeks
• Tail long, reaches to head or beyond (16 in long), weighs 1/2 pound, smaller than Norway, black, large ears, snout more pointed than norway, sleeker appearance, feed like mice
• omnivourous, opportunistic, wary of new objects, more difficult than Norway, peak breeding in spring and fall, inside all year

• don't contain carbon atoms, but do have antimony, arsenic, boron, copper, fluorine, phosphrous, sulfur
• Pest control:alumnium and magnisium phosphide, boric acid and borax (kills insects by contact and stomach action)
• when above mentioned chemicals are mixed with water, it releases the gas phosphine (extremely toxic) is used to fumigate mills, warehouses and stored commodities

• most used today, contains carbon atoms
• two types: Botanical or synthetic (lab made)
• Botanicals include nicotine, pyrethrins (chrysanthemum species), and rotenone (tropical legonimus plants).  Short-lived, degrade in sunlight
• Sythetics include pyrethroids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, carbamates, fumigants, and misc. (include insect growth regulators

• Derived from pyrethrins, but don't degraded and work well as pesticide
• Allethrin and Resmethrin common examples used in homes, food processing and handling facilities
• toxicity low to animals

• DDT included in this group: high toxicity to both human and animals, mostly banned from use in the U.S.
• attacks nervous system, unknown what mechanisms and actions are involved.
• Includes methoxychlor, dicofol, endosulfan, and lindane

• largest group of insecticide, derived from phosphoric acid
• actions behind this are known.  low to moderate persistence in the environment (wks or months), no biomagnification in food chain, toxicity ranges
• inhibits cholinesterase (makes nervous system function), hard to reverse, affects nervous system of humans and animals
• Parathion highly toxic, common occupational poisioning from skin absorption
• Several plant systematics:translocation through plant root system to kill insects

• like organos, cholinesterase inhibitors, is reversable
• carbaryl first used
• low mammal tox., highly tox to bees and beneficial insect parasites and predators
• 10 insecticides in use, includes bendiocarb, carbaryl, propoxur (tox. if swallowed)
• low to moderate in skin absorption, few instances of occupational poisioning
• Some systematics: aldicarb and carbofuran

• gas or chemical that can be changed to gas form
• Naphthalene, Paradichlorobenzene, Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphide tablets, Methyl bromide
• effective against insects and mammals (humans as well)
• vary in toxicity levels, mostly extreme toxicity

combination of active ingredient and an inert material (diluent such as clay, ground walnut shells, talc)

• particle size 10-40 microns
• contains 1-10% active ingredient
• no mixing, used dry
• doesn't hurt surfaces
• useful in areas where liquid won't work
• easy to drift from targeted area

similar to composition of dusts, except for

• particle size much larger 400-1600 microns
• granule size range 15-60 mesh (number of openings per linear inch of screen that granules will pass through)
• control soilbourne pests, systemtic pesticide through soil (can be translocated by plants)
• ready to use without mixing, low drift hazard
• may kill nontargeted species

• most common formulations today
• liquid (oil-based) diluted with water before spraying
• active ingredient insoluble in water, has other ingredients to help mix together
• highly flammable, can damage painted surfaces
• needs slight agitiation
• phytotoxic (plant killer) hazard
• may easily absorb through skin

• formulation of water-soluble active ingredient dissolved in one or more liquids
• ready to use or may need further dilution
• advantage and disadvantage depend on solvents used, concentration of active ingredient, and type of application equipment

• dry, fine ground formulations, combined with clay or talc
• 25-80% active ingredient
• mixed with water but doesn't dissolve in it
• same advantages and disadvantages as soluble powders
• needs constant agitiation, nozzle and pump wear, clogging in sprayer screens and nozzle, visible residue on treated surfaces

• similar to WP, active ingredient is granular instead of powder (no dust)
• mixed with water and it disperses or breaks apart
• same advantages and disadvantages as WP
• more easily mixed and measured
• reduction in dust lowers inhalation hazard for the user

• it's active ingredient mixed with edible substance, placed where pest will find and consume
• used to control insects, snails, slugs, rodents, birds and other pest mammals
• less than 5% active ingredient
• used in kitchens, gardens, food storage, process facilities
• ready to use, used when needed then removed,
• could attract children, pets, wildlife, if other food is present pest species may not eat it

• formulation of active ingredient in solution (petroleum distillate) packaged in pressurized container.
• Bug bombs
• ready to use
• risk of inhalation
• difficult to confine to target site or pest
• hazardous if punctured or near heat source

Food and Drug Administration

Monitors pesticide residues on or in the nation's food supply

• Fungi (like Merupliporia incrassaata), filamentous organisms, start as microscopic spores that land on wood surface and germinate to produce thin strandlike cells call hyphae
• hyphae grow into wood, through cell luemens and cell walls, secreting enzymes that degrade wood(change color, brittle)
• require adequate moisture, ambient temps (60-90 degrees), oxygen, and food source. 
• most wood species go after wood that has free water (wood moisture content over 30%).  good ventilation and properly designed buildings prevent development
• Brown rot, white rot, and soft rot fungi classified by appearance

Carpenter Ant

• don't eat wood only excavate it for their nests
• results in damage to building. if main structural beams hollowed out, can result in unsafe conditions.
• colony started in decayed wood and once established, extend to sound wood (takes 3 or more years)
• 1 petiole (node), thoracic dorsum evenly convex, circular anal orifice with a fringe of hair, queen 16-18 mm, worker vary 6-13 mm.  Common species in Washington Camponotus modoc
• typical colony size 10-20,000

Golden Buprestid

• most common NW pest, prefers douglas fir
• flatheaded borer
• iridescent golden green, 3/4 in long
• lay eggs on fresh sawed lumber in cracks
• emerge inside buildings late fall-late spring
• larva bore into wood, hole (range 3-15ft) enlarges as larva grows, leave when they are fully grown
• tunnels packed with boring and feces

• order Coleoptera
• Most damaging of wood structures in coastal NW America, love Douglas Fir
• like crawl spaces, basements, pole barns with 13-18% moisture content
• lay eggs in cracks in wood, larvae bore into wood and feed 5-6 yrs or longer, emerge as adults
• only powedery frass remains

• also known as true powderpest beetles
• feed on starch in hardwoods (oak, maple, ash, bamboo)
• commonly infest flooring, trim, plywood, furniture, tool handles, crates
• 6/10 species considered economic pests
• 1 yr lifecycle, if wood ages there is less nutrition, may extend life to 1-2 yrs
• red, brown, black, 1/8-3/8 in long
• leave powdery frass (face powder) from feeding

• lead cable borer (short circuit beetle) bores into lead sheathing around electrical transmission wires
• females put eggs inside cables, allowing mositure in, causing short circuits
• rarely infest structural timber in NW, but due to human transportation, could potentially escalate eventually

• also known as Teredo
• woodboring clam, attacks logs or lumber in salt water
• lumber with shipworm damage sometimes used in house construction
• shipworm dies when infested log removed from water

• Brown Rot Fungi= uses carbohydrate components of wood (cellulose and hemicellulose), weakens wood at early stages of attack (should be detected as soon as detected).  Prevalent on soft wood, advanced stage leaves brown, crumbly mass
• White Rot Fungi= uses all wood components (eventually uses 97% of wood), prevalent on hardwoods, leaves wood with bleached look.  Strength loss occur when fungi is visually detected.
• Soft Rot Fungi= attack carbohydrate components, causes strength loss at early stage, occurs where wood is continually wet and nutrients are high, hard to tell visual difference between soft rot and brown rot, both indicate excess moisture

• horntail wasp, larvae mine stressed or dying trees and stumps
• sometimes present in lumber used in structural design
• after oa month of chewing through the wood and sheetrock, they emerge into household rooms
• damage isn't serious enough to require treatment

• Roundheaded borer
• infest structural timbers
• adult exit holes flattened
• probably don't reinfest
• sometimes brought into home in firewood, when heated, they escape the burning log and fly towards windows

• Coleoptera= beetles
• Isoptera= termites
• Hymanoptera= bees, wasps, ants
• Dermaptera= earwigs
• Thysanura= silverfish and firebrats
• Orthoptera= grasshoppers, cockroaches
• Collembola= springtail
• Lepidoptera= moths
• Diptera= flies, mosquitoes
• Siphonaptera= fleas