Term
| Introduction to Animal Kingdom |
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Definition
• eukaryotic
• ingestive heterotrophs
• multi-cellular
• have tissues that develop from embryonic layers
• nervous and muscle tissue are unique
• bodies held together by structural proteins (e.g. collagen)
• most reproduce sexually
• involves meiosis- allows genetic variation
• diploid stage usually dominates life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
Asymmetric
-different in every direction
-sessile
Radial
-body parts arranged around a central axis
-sessile or limited movement
-have top/bottom, but no front/back or left/right
-able to meet “challenges” from every direction
Bilateral
-left/right sides are mirror images
-has anterior (head) and posterior (tail)
-cephalization (head formation) accompanied by
concentration of sensory organs in that region
-free moving
-meet “challenges” head on |
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Term
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Definition
-any cut through
central axis
divides into
mirror image
-only one cut can
divide into
mirror image
halves |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Parazoa
Phylum: Porifera (the sponges)
The sponges are so different from the other animals
that they were given their own Subkingdom.
“Parazoa” means alongside the animals.
• oldest known animal fossils are of sponges
• evolutionary link between single-celled protists
and multi-cellular animals (metazoans)
• closest relative is the protist choanoflagellate |
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Term
| Why are porifera part of the kingdom animalia? |
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Definition
Why are they in the Kingdom Animalia?
• named for Greek porus- animals with pores
• eukaryotic, multi-cellular, ingestive heterotrophs
• suspension or filter feeders
• asymmetry
• sexual life-cycle involves a larval phase
• adult is sessile but larva (ciliated) is motile
• specialized cell types but no tissues
• exhibits “cell-cell recognition”
• if physically separate cells and mix them up,
cells can reassemble into the animal
• has CAMs (Cell Adhesion Molecules)
• cell surface proteins
• important for cell-cell recognition |
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Term
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Definition
Skeleton of a sponge:
• 2 main components:
(1) spongin: fibrous protein that runs throughout
animal and works with spicules
(2) spicules: aggregates of inorganic material made
of silica or calcium carbonate
*Sponges placed in Classes
based on spicule type:
• # of points
• building material
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Term
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Definition
Calcarea, Hexactinellida, desmospongiae, scelerospongiae
*classified by spicule shape and building material |
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Term
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Definition
Anatomy of a Sponge
• Multi-cellular
• Organized by cell type
• No tissues
• Most sponges are simple tubes
• 2 cell layers form “wall” of body
• epidermis- outer layer
• choanocytes- inner layer
• mesenchyme (mesohyl)
• between outer/inner cell
layers
• gelatinous compartment
• contains mobile amoebocytes
• spongocoel is space inside tube |
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Term
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Definition
choanocytes(collar cells)
• flagella drive water currents
• ingest food by phagocytosis
amoebocytes
• mobile within mescenchyme
• digest food in food vacuoles
• asexual reproduction
• form gemmules
• sexual reproduction
• produce male/female gametes
• secrete skeletal elements
• spicules and spongin |
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Term
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Definition
• no circulatory system
• water & food enter
spongcoel via pores
(porocytes)
• choanocyte flagella
move materials around
spongocoel and up and
out osculum |
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Term
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Definition
• no digestive system
• choanocyte takes in food by phagocytosis
• limited digestion
• food transferred to amoebocyte
• main site of digestion
• intracellular in food vacuoles
[image]
[image] |
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Term
| Porifera Sexual Reproduction |
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Definition
• hermaphrodite- amoebocytes produce egg & sperm
• fertilization to form zygote in mesenchyme
• cleavage (rapid cell divisions) to form hollow ball of cells called blastula
• blastula is free-swimming cilated larva that erupts from body wall
• metamorphosis of larva
• flagellated cells migrate in to become choanocytes (collar cells)
• inner cells migrate out to become epidermal cells
• grows to form new adult sessile sponge |
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Term
| Porifera Asexual Reproduction |
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Definition
Phylum: Porifera - Asexual Reproduction
3 methods
• regeneration after fragmentation
• budding
• gemmules
Gemmule
• “survival pod”
• several cells w/ nutrients surrounded by spongin/spicule “shell”
• dormant form resistant to environmental stresses
• can germinate to re-grow animal
• found in freshwater sponges |
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Term
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Definition
- The sponges are so different from the other animals
that they were given their own Subkingdom.
“Parazoa” means alongside the animals.
• oldest known animal fossils are of sponges
• evolutionary link between single-celled protists
and multi-cellular animals (metazoans)
• closest relative is the protist choanoflagellate
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Term
| Embryonic Germ Types of 'Blastics' |
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Definition
Diploblastic- 2 layers
-ectoderm and endoderm
-no mesoderm
-ex. Cnidarians, Porifera (sponges)
Triploblastic- 3 layers
-ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
-all animals with bilateral symmetry
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Term
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Definition
• Multi-cellular
• Organized by cell type
• No tissues
• Most sponges are simple tubes
• 2 cell layers form “wall” of body
• epidermis- outer layey
• choanocytes- inner layer
• mesenchyme (mesohyl)
• between outer/inner cell
layers
• gelatinous compartment
• contains mobile amoebocytes
• spongocoel is space inside tube
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Term
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Definition
Calcarea
Hexactinellida
Demospongiae
Sclerospongiae
• Leucosolenia is simplest sponge
• small
• spicules are calcium carbonate with 1, 3, or 4 rays (points)
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Term
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Definition
Hexactinellida
• “Glass sponges”
• no surface epithelium
• spicules of silica with 6 rays
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Term
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Definition
Demospongiae
• most common
• bath sponges
• spicules of silica with 1, 2, or 4 rays
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Term
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Definition
Sclerospongiae
• coralline sponges
• internal skeleton of calcium carbonate
• outer skeleton of silica spicules and organic fibers |
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Term
| Anatomy of a Sponge vs. Choanocyte |
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Definition
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Term
| Locomotion of Kingdom Anamalia |
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Definition
• most can move body from one place to another
• some sessile (non-motile)
• even these motile some time in life-cycle (ex.
larval stage) |
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Term
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Definition
ectoderm
-outer layer
-forms animal’s outer covering, in
some phyla central nervous system
endoderm
-inner layer
-forms lining of digestive tract, in
vertebrates forms liver, lungs
mesoderm
-between ectoderm/endoderm in
triploblast
-forms muscles between digestive tract
and animal’s outer covering
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