Term
| Spinal Pathways, Lateral White Mater: |
|
Definition
composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons that run in tracts.
-3 types of fibers:
Ascending-sensory pathways; dorsal tracts
Descending-motor pathways; ventral tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two or three neurons in series
1st order neurons: sensory neurons
2nd order neurons: interneurons in spinal cord
3rd order neurons: in thalamus to cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Ascending pathways are all- |
|
Definition
| Paired, one on each side of the body |
|
|
Term
| Some pathways cross-over= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the contralateral side? Ipsilateral side ? |
|
Definition
info from one side crosses over
info remain on same side-no crossing |
|
|
Term
| What are three primary ascending pathways? |
|
Definition
Dorsal Column Pathway
Spinocerebellar Pathways |
|
|
Term
What does the dorsal column pathway sense?
Runs in- |
|
Definition
touch, pressure, consious proprioception
-discrimnative senses
Runs in dorsal columns (tracts)
-fasciculus gracilis
-fasciculus cunneatus |
|
|
Term
Dorsal column pathway synapse with 2nd order neurons in -- and --
synapses with 3rd order neurons to-- |
|
Definition
medulla oblongata; decussate and travel to thalamus; third synapse
to primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex->processed to consciousness |
|
|
Term
| What does the spinocerebellar Pathways sense? |
|
Definition
proprioception to cerebellum
-cerebellum modifies body movements; needs to know positions of body parts
2 neurons in a series |
|
|
Term
| What is the spinocerebellar Pathway? |
|
Definition
-cerebellum modifies body movements; needs to know positions of body parts
-2 neurons in a series
-Sensory neurons synapse with 2nd order neurons in dorsal horns (grey matter) of spinal cord
-Run in spinocerebellar tracts through pons to cerebellum
-either no decussation or cross back to same side in cerebellum (ipsiateral info) |
|
|
Term
| What are spinothalmic pathways bring? |
|
Definition
| pain temp non-discriminative touch |
|
|
Term
| What is the spinothalamic pathway? |
|
Definition
sensory neurons synapse with 2nd order neurons in dorsal horns of gray matter.
2nd order neurons immediately decussate in spinal cord
synapse with 3rd order neurons in thalamus
to primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| What do descending (motor) pathways deliever? Divided into? |
|
Definition
motor instruction from the brain to the spinal cord
2 groups:
-Corticospinal (pyramidal tracts)
-other motor pathways (extrapyramidal) |
|
|
Term
| What does corticospinal (pyramidal) do? What do they control? |
|
Definition
concise and skilled voluntary movement
Control muscles of opposite side |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway for corticospinal? |
|
Definition
motor neurons from primary motor areas of cerebral cortex
synapse directly on somatic motor neurons in ventral horns of gray matter or on short interneurons
Most decussate in medulla, some in spinal cord near somatic motor neuron cell bodies |
|
|
Term
| What is the extrapyramidal/other descending pathways? |
|
Definition
unconscious, course, and postural movements
Originate in midbrain and pons, decussate in pons
Modify by cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What accounts for 80% of brain mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two fissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres and what they seperate: |
|
Definition
Transveres Fissure: seperates cerebruma dn cerebellum
Longitudinal Fissure-seperates cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sulci- grooves on surface of cerebral hemisphere
gyri- twisted ridges between sulci |
|
|
Term
| Are prominent gyri and sulci similar in all pepople? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What divides cerebrum into lobes? What are lobes named for?
What does the central sulcus seperate? |
|
Definition
deeper sulci
the bones underneath
Frontal and Parietal Lobes |
|
|
Term
The Cerebral Cortex is -- mater and is home to --
Enables: |
|
Definition
gray matter
home of our consious mind
Enables:
-awareness of ourselves and our sensations
-initiate and control volunatary movements
-communicate, remember, and understand |
|
|
Term
| What are broadmann areas? |
|
Definition
52 structurally distinct areas
-know #1-3 primary somatosensory
and #4 primary motor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1800 Railrode pole went through cerebral cortex drastically changing his personality |
|
|
Term
| The Cerebral Cortex has 3 kinds of functional areas: |
|
Definition
-motor
-sensory
-association |
|
|
Term
What is the primary motor cortex?
location: |
|
Definition
Precentral gyrus (broadmann area 4)
Pyramidal cells- large neurons of primary motor cortex
Motor neurons descend in corticospinal tracts through brainstem and spinal cord to cord to control skilled movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific pyramidal cells control specific areas of body |
|
|
Term
| What is motor homunculus? |
|
Definition
| body map of the motor cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
body is represented spatially in many parts of the CNS
-neurons to different body regions remian separated in CNS |
|
|
Term
Where is the premotor cortex?
what does it receive?
Controls?
Involed in? |
|
Definition
located anterior to precentral gyrus
receives processed sensory info (visual, auditory, and general somatic sensory)
Controls voluntary actions dependent on sensory feedback-following verbal instructions
Involved in planning of movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cortical areas involved in conscious awareness of sensation
Located in parietal (general somatic senses; taste) temporal (auditory) and occipital lobes (vision)
Distinct area for each major sense |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary somatosensory cortex? |
|
Definition
located along the postcentral gyrus (broadmanns area 1-3)
Involved with conscious awareness of general somatic senses (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)
Spatial discrimination- precisely locates a stimulus
Sensory homunculus a body map of the sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the somatosensory Association Area? |
|
Definition
lies posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex
integrates different sensory inputs (touch pressure and others)
Draws upon stored memories of past sensory experiences |
|
|
Term
| What are the Basal Nuclei (ganglia) |
|
Definition
deep gray matter of cerebrum within the white matter
1. Caudate nucleus-arches over thalamus
2. Lentiform nucleus- lens shaped
Both of these make up the corpus stratum |
|
|
Term
| Two parts of the lentiform nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the basal ganglia do? |
|
Definition
cooperate w/cerebral cortex in controlling movements
Receive input from many cortical areas
Evidence shows that they:
-start, stop, and regulate intensity of voluntary movements
In som way estimate the passage of time |
|
|
Term
| Spinal Pathways, Lateral White Mater: |
|
Definition
composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons that run in tracts.
-3 types of fibers:
Ascending-sensory pathways; dorsal tracts
Descending-motor pathways; ventral tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two or three neurons in series
1st order neurons: sensory neurons
2nd order neurons: interneurons in spinal cord
3rd order neurons: in thalamus to cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Ascending pathways are all- |
|
Definition
| Paired, one on each side of the body |
|
|
Term
| Some pathways cross-over= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the contralateral side? Ipsilateral side ? |
|
Definition
info from one side crosses over
info remain on same side-no crossing |
|
|
Term
| What are three primary ascending pathways? |
|
Definition
Dorsal Column Pathway
Spinocerebellar Pathways |
|
|
Term
What does the dorsal column pathway sense?
Runs in- |
|
Definition
touch, pressure, consious proprioception
-discrimnative senses
Runs in dorsal columns (tracts)
-fasciculus gracilis
-fasciculus cunneatus |
|
|
Term
Dorsal column pathway synapse with 2nd order neurons in -- and --
synapses with 3rd order neurons to-- |
|
Definition
medulla oblongata; decussate and travel to thalamus; third synapse
to primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex->processed to consciousness |
|
|
Term
| What does the spinocerebellar Pathways sense? |
|
Definition
proprioception to cerebellum
-cerebellum modifies body movements; needs to know positions of body parts
2 neurons in a series |
|
|
Term
| What is the spinocerebellar Pathway? |
|
Definition
-cerebellum modifies body movements; needs to know positions of body parts
-2 neurons in a series
-Sensory neurons synapse with 2nd order neurons in dorsal horns (grey matter) of spinal cord
-Run in spinocerebellar tracts through pons to cerebellum
-either no decussation or cross back to same side in cerebellum (ipsiateral info) |
|
|
Term
| What are spinothalmic pathways bring? |
|
Definition
| pain temp non-discriminative touch |
|
|
Term
| What is the spinothalamic pathway? |
|
Definition
sensory neurons synapse with 2nd order neurons in dorsal horns of gray matter.
2nd order neurons immediately decussate in spinal cord
synapse with 3rd order neurons in thalamus
to primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| What do descending (motor) pathways deliever? Divided into? |
|
Definition
motor instruction from the brain to the spinal cord
2 groups:
-Corticospinal (pyramidal tracts)
-other motor pathways (extrapyramidal) |
|
|
Term
| What does corticospinal (pyramidal) do? What do they control? |
|
Definition
concise and skilled voluntary movement
Control muscles of opposite side |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway for corticospinal? |
|
Definition
motor neurons from primary motor areas of cerebral cortex
synapse directly on somatic motor neurons in ventral horns of gray matter or on short interneurons
Most decussate in medulla, some in spinal cord near somatic motor neuron cell bodies |
|
|
Term
| What is the extrapyramidal/other descending pathways? |
|
Definition
unconscious, course, and postural movements
Originate in midbrain and pons, decussate in pons
Modify by cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What accounts for 80% of brain mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two fissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres and what they seperate: |
|
Definition
Transveres Fissure: seperates cerebruma dn cerebellum
Longitudinal Fissure-seperates cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sulci- grooves on surface of cerebral hemisphere
gyri- twisted ridges between sulci |
|
|
Term
| Are prominent gyri and sulci similar in all pepople? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What divides cerebrum into lobes? What are lobes named for?
What does the central sulcus seperate? |
|
Definition
deeper sulci
the bones underneath
Frontal and Parietal Lobes |
|
|
Term
The Cerebral Cortex is -- mater and is home to --
Enables: |
|
Definition
gray matter
home of our consious mind
Enables:
-awareness of ourselves and our sensations
-initiate and control volunatary movements
-communicate, remember, and understand |
|
|
Term
| What are broadmann areas? |
|
Definition
52 structurally distinct areas
-know #1-3 primary somatosensory
and #4 primary motor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1800 Railrode pole went through cerebral cortex drastically changing his personality |
|
|
Term
| The Cerebral Cortex has 3 kinds of functional areas: |
|
Definition
-motor
-sensory
-association |
|
|
Term
What is the primary motor cortex?
location: |
|
Definition
Precentral gyrus (broadmann area 4)
Pyramidal cells- large neurons of primary motor cortex
Motor neurons descend in corticospinal tracts through brainstem and spinal cord to cord to control skilled movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific pyramidal cells control specific areas of body |
|
|
Term
| What is motor homunculus? |
|
Definition
| body map of the motor cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
body is represented spatially in many parts of the CNS
-neurons to different body regions remian separated in CNS |
|
|
Term
Where is the premotor cortex?
what does it receive?
Controls?
Involed in? |
|
Definition
located anterior to precentral gyrus
receives processed sensory info (visual, auditory, and general somatic sensory)
Controls voluntary actions dependent on sensory feedback-following verbal instructions
Involved in planning of movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cortical areas involved in conscious awareness of sensation
Located in parietal (general somatic senses; taste) temporal (auditory) and occipital lobes (vision)
Distinct area for each major sense |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary somatosensory cortex? |
|
Definition
located along the postcentral gyrus (broadmanns area 1-3)
Involved with conscious awareness of general somatic senses (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)
Spatial discrimination- precisely locates a stimulus
Sensory homunculus a body map of the sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the somatosensory Association Area? |
|
Definition
lies posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex
integrates different sensory inputs (touch pressure and others)
Draws upon stored memories of past sensory experiences |
|
|
Term
| What are the Basal Nuclei (ganglia) |
|
Definition
deep gray matter of cerebrum within the white matter
1. Caudate nucleus-arches over thalamus
2. Lentiform nucleus- lens shaped
Both of these make up the corpus stratum |
|
|
Term
| Two parts of the lentiform nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the basal ganglia do? |
|
Definition
cooperate w/cerebral cortex in controlling movements
Receive input from many cortical areas
Evidence shows that they:
-start, stop, and regulate intensity of voluntary movements
In som way estimate the passage of time |
|
|
