Term
| false--spinal reflexes initiated and completed at the spinal cord level--no brain involvement |
|
Definition
| t or f: there is brain involvement in the major reflex center |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the spinal cord connected to in the brain? |
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Term
|
Definition
| how far down does the spinal cord extend down to in the vertebral canal? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the tapering end of the spinal cord |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a fibrous extension of the pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris to the posterior surface of the coccyx |
|
|
Term
| cauda equine (horses tail) |
|
Definition
| the collection of spinal nerve roots that extends inferior to the spinal cord to reach their respective exit point from the vertebral canal (intervertebral foramina)is called? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| nerve roots off of the filum terminale; runs through the lumbar cistern (subarachnoid space (has CSF) inferior to conus medullaris) |
|
|
Term
1. cervical enlargement
2. lumbar enlargement |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord? |
|
|
Term
| C4 to T1 for innervation to the upper limbs |
|
Definition
| what level is the cervical enlargement on? |
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|
Term
| T11 to L1; for innervation of lower limbs |
|
Definition
| what level is the lumbar enlargement on? |
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Term
|
Definition
| helps anchor the spinal cord within the vertebral canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the subarachnoid space inferior to the conus medullaris |
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|
Term
| meningeal layer--only one layer!! |
|
Definition
| what is the layer of the dura mater called on the spinal cord? |
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Term
|
Definition
| extensions of pia mater that come off the sides of the spinal canal--help anchor the spinal cord to the right and left so it doesn't move around |
|
|
Term
1. epidural space-actual space
2. subdural space-potential space
3. subarachnoid space-actual space |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 meningeal spaces related to the spinal meninges and which ones are actual and potential spaces? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this meningeal space related to the spinal cord is filled with epidural fat and venous plexus; superficial to dura mater; was a potential space in brain associated with disorders and injuries |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a meningeal space related to the spinal meninges that is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater |
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Term
|
Definition
| this is the location of CSF in the spinal cord and is the only continuous meningeal space between the brain and the spinal cord (between arachnoid mater and pia mater) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what meningeal space in the spinal cord is a lumbar puncture/spinal tap and spinal block put into? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what level in the vertebral column do we perform a lumbar puncture/spinal tap and spinal block? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what meningeal space do we put an epidural block into? |
|
|
Term
| any point in the vertebral column |
|
Definition
| on what level in the vertebral column can we do an epidural block? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the central anal of our spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on the posterior side of our spinal cord there is a tiny dip which is called? |
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|
Term
| anterior median fissure (THE BIG DIP) |
|
Definition
| along the anterior side of the spinal cord we have a tiny dip called? |
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Term
|
Definition
| is composed of myelinated axons organized into tracts or fasciculi in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| sensory (ascending) tracts |
|
Definition
| in these types of tracts, most of the tracts begin with "spino" (spinothalamic tract--goes from spinal cord to the thalamus) |
|
|
Term
| motor (descending) tracts |
|
Definition
| in these types of tracts they all end in "spinal" (corticospinal tract--goes from primary motor cortex to the spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains a lot of neuronal cell bodies and unmylenated axons in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the posterior horn in the grey matter in the spinal cord is sensory or motor? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the anterior horn in the grey matter in the spinal cord is sensory or motor? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interneurons or associated neurons are in what horn in the grey matter in the spinal cord? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multipolar neurons are the types of neurons in the anterior or posterior horn? |
|
|
Term
| 31 pairs; 8 cervical/12 thoracic/ 5 lumbar/ 5 sacral/ and 1 coccygeal |
|
Definition
| how many pairs on spinal nerves are there and how many on each level? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed from the union of a dorsal root and ventral root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does the ventral or dorsal root contain afferent or sensory fibers? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does the ventral or dorsal root contain efferent or motor fibers? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does the ventral or dorsal root innervate the 3 inch strip in the back? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains cell bodies that are unipolar sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| awareness of changes (stimuli) in the internal and external environments; occurs in brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conscious interpretation of those stimuli; what is the meaning of that particular stimulus; _______ in turn determines how we will respond to a stimulus; occurs in brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conversion of the energy of a stimulus into an electrical event (action potential-form of communication) |
|
|
Term
| stimulus-transduction-sensation-perception |
|
Definition
| what goes in the right order between these 4 words? sensation stimulus perception and transduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to mechanical force that de-forms; we actually have to physically deform to activate--vibration, touch, pressure, stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to change in temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to chemicals; smell and taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to potentially damaging stimuli; excessive heat or cold and we sense pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to stimuli outside of the body, find near or at body's surface; pressure, pain, vision, hearing; near or at the body surface--skin |
|
|
Term
| interoceptors (visceroceptors) |
|
Definition
| respond to stimuli within the body; find them in vescera, internal organs and blood vessels- we aren't always aware when they are activated; we may experience discomfort or pain if they are activated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like interoceptors, these respond to internal stimuli; however location is only skeletal muscle, tendons, joints, and ligaments; advise brain of body movements; stretch--are mechanoreceptors--when we move, we deform proprioceptors (why when we close our eyes and then move our upper limb-we know upper limb is moving because of this and we don't have to see it moving to know that it is moving) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons; most receptors in body are simple; involved with general sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka sense organs; collections of different types of cells; involved with special sensation--other types of cells in that receptor as well-vision, equilibrium, hearing, taste, smell; in eye we have photoreceptor but we all have smooth muscle, epithelial tissue-makes it a much more complex item |
|
|
Term
1. taste
2. smell
3. sight
4. hearing
5. equilibrium |
|
Definition
| the 5 special senses in the human body |
|
|
Term
| false; it is a genral sensation-it uses simple receptors; all other five use complex receptors |
|
Definition
| t or f: touch is a special sense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gives us a medium to dissolve our food and to activate chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taste buds-approximately 10,00 taste buds-contain chemoreceptors and predominantly on the tongue and can be found scattered on the soft pallet and in the pharynx and epiglottis and surfaces of our cheeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pague like extension of the tongue; in the adult, we are going to see 2 types of this |
|
|
Term
1. fungiform
2. circumvallate |
|
Definition
| the two types of papillae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mushroom shaped projections--scattered over surface of tongue; little red dots are blood vessel on the __________ papillae and on top of the dots are taste buds |
|
|
Term
| circumvallate (vallate) papillae |
|
Definition
| very large; 7-12 that are in a V shape; makes a moat-taste buds on are the lateral walls of the __________ papilla |
|
|
Term
| circumvallate (vallate) papillae |
|
Definition
| contains gustatory receptor cells are aka taste cells or receptor cells--are the chemoreceptors--does transduction for us; at the apex, there is a long hair (long microvilli aka gustatory hairs--increases surface area of the cell) that comes out from a taste pore; tastant after dissolved can bind to the gustatory hair--chemical comes in and binds to gustatory hair which causes changes within that cell--wrapped around base of these cells are dendrites of sensory neurons--the beginning of our pathway to our brain; there are supporting cells and basal cells--our tongue goes through a lot of friction all day long which can be a lot of damage to cells--basal cells are important to make more cells |
|
|
Term
| chorda tympani (from facial nerve CNVII) |
|
Definition
| what nerve supplies special sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? |
|
|
Term
| lingual nerve (branch of mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)) |
|
Definition
| what nerve supplies general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| lingual branch of the glossopharngeal (CNIX) |
|
Definition
| what nerve supplies special and general sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and part of the pharynx |
|
|
Term
| internal laryngeal nerve from the vagus (CNX) |
|
Definition
| what nerve supplies special and general sensation to the epiglottis and lower pharynx? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives impulses for taste and is involved in the sensation (conscious awareness of sensory stimuli) of taste (its at the cortex where we actually begin to sense that taste); precise location of this is still in debate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what artery serves the gustatory cortex? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of receptors do we use for smell? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what sensory receptor organ do we use for sense of smell or olfactory sense? |
|
|
Term
| on the roof of the nasal cavity, along the superior nasal conchae, and the superior portion of the nasal septum--why is we want to smell something really good we always take a big sniff in because its in the back; the mucousa in nasal cavity-the molecules in air dissolve in mucus to activate chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
| where is the location of the olfactory epithelium? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are olfactory receptor cells multipolar, bipolar, or unipolar neurons? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what cranial nerve innervates the olfactory region? |
|
|
Term
1. primary olfactory cortex
2. subcortical route to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other regions of limbic system (emotional parts of our brain) |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 main destinations of the impulses from our olfactory region? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located mostly at the medial aspect of the temporal lobe; receives impulses for smell and is involved in olfactory sensation; conscious awareness of smell begins here (connections to orbitofrontal cortex for identification and discrimination of odors and middle cerebral artery serves this area) |
|
|
Term
| subcortical route to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other regions of limbic system (emotional parts of our brain) |
|
Definition
| to elicit emotional and memory-evoke responses to the odors (smell is tied closely to memory); important for protection (elicits fear)-can trigger the fight or flight system (defense and survival mechanism); stimulates digestive tract and salivation; another tie we have is taste and smell; taste is 80% smell; only have 5 different tastants but brain overlaps taste information with smell information so we really get an idea of what we're tasting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the receptors for sight? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the sensory receptor organ for sight? |
|
|
Term
1. fibrous tunic
2. vascular tunic (uvea)
3. sensory tunic (retina) |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 coats or tunics of the eyeball? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adjustable focusing part of eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer most tunic of eyeball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of avascular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the two components of the fibrous tunic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the poster 5/6 of eyeball; white and opaque (doesn't let light through-makes up white of eyes); helps to shape and protect eyeball; provides insertion points for the 6 extrinsic eye muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior 1/6 of eyeball; transparent; first structure that light passes through; curved so light will be refracted (bent) when it comes through |
|
|
Term
1. choroid
2. ciliary body
3. iris |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 components of the vascular tunic? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most posterior in the vascular tunic; posterior 5/6; lots of blood vessels in it; contains brown pigment that absorbs extra light within eyeball to keep it from bouncing around and scattering which would cause confusion |
|
|
Term
1. ciliary muscles
2. ciliary processes
3. suspensory ligaments or zonular fibers |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 things that help make up the ciliary body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle cells; can contract and relax which can control the shape of the lens (changes tension on suspensory ligaments which therefore changes shape of lens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains capillaries that secrete aqueous humor |
|
|
Term
| suspensory ligaments or zonular fibers |
|
Definition
| encircle the lens and connect the lens to the ciliary body; helps maintain lens position (keep it in place) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a central opening (pupil); contains only brown pigment (depending on how brown pigment is organized and how much is there results in eye colors) |
|
|
Term
1. circular layer
2. radial pattern |
|
Definition
| the smooth muscle in the iris is organized into what two layers in order to help adjust the size of the pupil? |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic stimulation (rest and digestive system) |
|
Definition
| causes circular muscles to contract (make pupil constrict and to close down-lets in less light into the back of the eye-does this with close vision or in a bright room) |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation (fight or flight system) |
|
Definition
| causes radial muscles to contract (dilates the pupil; opens it up-allows more light to enter); we will do this when we are trying to see something far away or when were in a dim lit situation; when we are scared-we want as much information as much as possible |
|
|
Term
| true; when we're bored or repulsed our pupil constricts; when we are dealing with something interesting, we dilate the pupil and if we are problem solving or taking a test |
|
Definition
| t or f: emotions and interest can also impact the contraction/relaxation of the iris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only covers posterior 3/4 of eye; the most inner tunic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rods or cones--responsible for transduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for spreading info from the photoreceptor cells to the ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have very long axons-have axons that leave the back of the eye which is known as CNII (optic nerve) |
|
|
Term
| rods and cones relay message to bipolar cells then to ganglion cells |
|
Definition
| what is the order of the bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and rods and cones in relaying a message in the sensory tunic or retina? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the 2 segments of the eye that has aqueous humor; aqueous humor is constantly formed throughout our lifetime; FORMED FROM BLOOD PLASMA; ciliary processes contain capillaries and coming out of them is aqueous humor--has nutrients and oxygen and help circulate the flow; aqueous humor brings nutrients to cornea because it is avascular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where you reabsorb aqueous humor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the two segments of the eyeball; has vitreous humor (jell like and thick-clear); we produce it as an embryo and that lasts us all life; supports lens; helps maintain shape of eye and intraocular pressure; helps transfer light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convex; can bend; can change shape by relaxing and contracting ciliary muscles; light gets bent or refracted due to the curved nature of the ___; we bend the light 3 places(cornea, anterior part of ___, and posterior part of ___); the REAL IMAGE-it is upside down and reverse right to left; the occipital lobe and the cortex is what is responsible for flipping this image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not part of the eyeball but it is a partial covering over it; lines the inside of our eyelid and turns and partially covers our eyeball-it stops before it covers cornea; covers part of sclera: when we look at the white of someones eyes-we see blood vessels-the blood vessels that we see are in the ______________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the size and shape of an almond; laterally and superiorly of the eyes; produces tears or lacrimal fluid; we produce 1mL of lacrimal fluid a day; when we blink the lacrimal fluid washes across our eye--washes and dilutes any irritatig substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the size and shape of an almond; laterally and superiorly of the eyes; produces tears or lacrimal fluid; we produce 1mL of lacrimal fluid a day; when we blink the lacrimal fluid washes across our eye--washes and dilutes any irritatig substances |
|
|
Term
| nasolacrimal duct to the lacrimal canal |
|
Definition
| all debris washes over towards the midline; there is an opening that leads to the ____________ ____ to the _________ _____ that drains into the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
fibers from the lateral/temporal side of the eye on the same side (ipsilateral)
fibers from the medial/nasal side of the eye on the opposite side (contralateral) |
|
Definition
| because of the crossing over at the optic chiasma, the optic tracts contain: |
|
|
Term
| optic nerve because the optic tract contains parts of both of the right and left optic nerves; if you lose an eyeball or an optic nerve, most of our visual fields can still make it back to the occipital lobe; if we cut our optic tract, we lose half of our visual field; we cut the left optic tract, we lose sight from our right eye |
|
Definition
| would we rather lose and optic nerve or an optic tract? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because the optic chiasma is superior to the pituitary gland--if there is a tumor there-it will grow superiorly and it will soon known into the optic chiasma which will take out our medial or peripheral vision? |
|
|
Term
1. most axons in the optic tracts will synapse with neurons in the lateral geniculate body in the thalamus
2. axons from the thalamus will project through internal capsule and form the optic radiation in the cerebral white matter
3.fibers finally arrive at the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes; involved with visual sensation |
|
Definition
| where do the fibers (axons) from the retinal ganglion cells travel? |
|
|
Term
| mechanoreceptors--have to physically open channels to have transduction |
|
Definition
| what type of receptors do we have for our hearing and equilibrium? |
|
|
Term
| found in inner ear-pitrous portion in temporal bone; the spiral organ or the spiral organ of Corti-in the cochlea in the inner ear |
|
Definition
| where do we find our mechanoreceptors for our hearing and equilibrium? |
|
|
Term
| the spiral organ (aka organ of Corti) located in the cochlea |
|
Definition
| what is our sensory receptor organ for hearing and where is it found? |
|
|
Term
| vestibular apparatus; located in the vestibule and the semicircular canals |
|
Definition
| where do we find our sensory receptor organ for our equilibrium and what organ is it? |
|
|
Term
1. the outer or external ear
2. the middle ear or tympanic cavity
3. the inner ear, internal ear, or labyrinth |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 major areas of the ear? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elastic cartilage that surrounds the opening of the external auditory canal-directs sound waves down towards the external auditory canal |
|
|
Term
1. auricle or pinna
2. external auditory canal |
|
Definition
| what are the two components of the outer or external ear? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends from the auricle down to the tympanic membrane (eardrum-found between the external and internal ear); the lateral 1/3 is made of cartilage and the medial 2/3 is bone-external acoustic meatus; skin lines canal and has modified sweat glands-cerumious glands-secrete cerumen (ear wax)-traps foreign bodies and repel insects |
|
|
Term
1. oval (vestibular) window
2. Round (cochlear) window |
|
Definition
| what are the two openings on the medial wall of the middle ear cavity? |
|
|
Term
| pharyngotympanic (in middle ear), auditory, or eustachian tube |
|
Definition
| opens into the middle ear cavity; as we swallow the tube open up--equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane--we need to have the same air pressure on either side; when we are sick and cant pop our ears--things sound muffled because things cant be equalized |
|
|
Term
1. malleus
2. incus (anvil)
3. Stapes (sits in oval window) |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 ossicles or bones in the middle ear? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what types of joints are between the ossicles in the middle ear? |
|
|
Term
| stapes; as stapes vibrates against the oval window, it creates waves within the fluid within the inner ear-waves goes through cochlea and goes through spiral organ of corti; liquid is noncompressable-as stapes is pushing fluid in oval window, the round window will act as the pressure release valve because we created pressure waves within that cochlea |
|
Definition
| which ossicle sits in the oval window? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lateral wall is the tympanic membrane and medial wall is called the oval window and just below that is the round window |
|
|
Term
1. cochlea
2. vestibule
3. semicircular canals |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 bony regions within the inner ear? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spiral, conical, bony feature; contains spiral organ of corti which contains mechanoreceptors for transduction for hearing; there are hair cells in the spiral organ of corti-waves in fluid makes hairs bend (sensory neurons are bipolar neurons); our pathway back to the brain are bipolar neurons on the vestibularcochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mechanoreceptors for equilibrium-the vestibular apparatus; as we move the fluid in the vestibular and semicircular canals either lag or speed up which affectst the mechanoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanoreceptor cells are found here as well |
|
|
Term
| cochlea-corti-hairs- bipolar neurons of the cochlear division of the vestibularcochlear nerve runs up the side of the medulla-inferior colliculus (you bang a book or hear a loud noise-startles us starts right here)-thalamus-then to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe where we begin to sense and define sound |
|
Definition
| what is the auditory pathway to the brain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the artery that supplies the auditory pathway? |
|
|
Term
| posterior cerebral artery |
|
Definition
| what artery supplies the occipital lobe? |
|
|
