Term
| Ranges of coupled motion amont the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple? |
|
Definition
| the C5/C6 vertebral couple |
|
|
Term
| What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1? |
|
Definition
ampiarthrosis syndesmosis
diarthrosis trochoid |
|
|
Term
| What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1? |
|
Definition
BUM
Backward, Upward, Medial |
|
|
Term
| What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1? |
|
Definition
BMD
Backward, Medial, Downward |
|
|
Term
| What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1? |
|
Definition
Levator Scapula
Splenius Cervicis
Rectus Capitis Anterior |
|
|
Term
| What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender? |
|
Definition
Males: 50 mm
Females: 37 mm |
|
|
Term
| What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1? |
|
Definition
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor muscle
Ligamentum Nuchae |
|
|
Term
| Ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament forms what feature? |
|
Definition
| a partial or complete ponticulus posticus |
|
|
Term
| With reguard to ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, what is the gender bias, bone classification, amount of ossification and general percent in the population? |
|
Definition
Male: accessory bone, complete ponticulus posticus, 15%
Female: Accessory bone, partial ponticulus posticus, 26% |
|
|
Term
| What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1? |
|
Definition
Costal element
Posterior tubercle
True Transverse process |
|
|
Term
| What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1? |
|
Definition
Rectus capitis anterior
Rectus capitis lateralis
Middle scalene
levator scapula
spelius cerviciis
obliquus capitis superior
obliquus capitis inferior
intertransversarii |
|
|
Term
| What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender? |
|
Definition
| a little over 30 mm for both males and females |
|
|
Term
| What joint classifications are observed at C1? |
|
Definition
aphiarthrosis syndesmosis
diarthrosis ellipsoidal
diarthrosis trochoid
diarthrosis arthrodia |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligament appear to be directed anterior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2? |
|
Definition
ampiarthrosis syndesmosis
diarthrosis trochoid
modified diarthrosis sellsr
ampiarthrosis symphysis |
|
|
Term
| What attaches to the lamina of C2? |
|
Definition
Obliquus capitis inferior muscle
posterior atlanto-axial ligament
ligamentum flavum |
|
|
Term
| What muscle attaches to the lamina of C2? |
|
Definition
| Obliquus capitis inferior |
|
|
Term
| What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2? |
|
Definition
Backward, upward and lateral
(BUL) |
|
|
Term
| What muscle attaches to the articular process of C2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2? |
|
Definition
Males: 57 mmm
Females: 50 mm |
|
|
Term
| What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2? |
|
Definition
Levator scapulae
middle scalene
splenius cervicis
longissimus cervicis
intertransversarii |
|
|
Term
| Whhat muscles attach to the spinous process of C2? |
|
Definition
Rectus capitis posterior major
Obliquus capitis inferior
Spinalis cervicis
Semispinalis cervicis
multifidis
rotators
interspinalis |
|
|
Term
| What names may be given to C7? |
|
Definition
Vertebra prominens
Vertebral Porminence |
|
|
Term
| What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence? |
|
Definition
C6 is more common in females
T1 is more common in males |
|
|
Term
| What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7? |
|
Definition
Vertebral venous plexus
Postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers |
|
|
Term
| Which side artery is tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam? |
|
Definition
| the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation |
|
|
Term
| At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop? |
|
Definition
| The Atlanto-Axial Interspace |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and Occiput? |
|
Definition
| The increased length will accommodate greater rotation at these locations |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the vertebral artery as it enters the vertebral foramen of C1? |
|
Definition
| The adventitia of the artery blends with the dura mater and arachnoid mater; as a result the artery lies in the subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| What artery is formed by the union of the Right and Left Vertebral Arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which suboccipital muscles attach to C1? |
|
Definition
rectus capitis posterior minor
obliquus capitis superior
obliquus capitis inferior |
|
|
Term
| What joint classifications are present at C2? |
|
Definition
diarthrosis trochoid
diarthrosis arthrodia
diarthrosis modified sellar
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
ampiarthrosis symphysis |
|
|
Term
| What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal? |
|
Definition
Inferior articular process of C1, Superior articular process of C2,
Capsular Ligament |
|
|
Term
| What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal? |
|
Definition
the posterior arch of C1
Lamina of C2
Posterior atlanto-axial ligament |
|
|
Term
| What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal? |
|
Definition
vertebral bodies
intervertebral disc
posterior longitudinal ligament
uncinate process
lateral groove |
|
|
Term
| What forms the anterior boundary for the C8 nerve exit from the spinal canal? |
|
Definition
The vertebral bodies of C7 and T1
Intervertebral disc
PLL
Capsular ligament of the costocentral joint
Superior costal facet of T1
Articular surface of the first rib |
|
|
Term
| What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups? |
|
Definition
vertebral body
transverse process
articular process
spinous process |
|
|
Term
| What is the aortic impression? |
|
Definition
| the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which give the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side |
|
|
Term
| What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine? |
|
Definition
| the vertebral body height differences |
|
|
Term
| What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic? |
|
Definition
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
amphiarthrosis symphysis
diarthrosis arthrodia |
|
|
Term
| How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of the typical thoracic? |
|
Definition
Typically ten
Fourteen if the rib ligaments are included |
|
|
Term
| What ligaments support the costocentral joint? |
|
Definition
radiate costocentral/stellate costocentral ligament
Interarticular/intra-articular ligament |
|
|
Term
| What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region? |
|
Definition
| below T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transvese processes angle more posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic? |
|
Definition
intertransverse
capsular costotransverse
superior costotransverse
inferior costotransverse
lateral costotransverse |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic? |
|
Definition
Longissimus thoracic
Longissimus cervicic
Longissimus capitis
semispinalis thoracis
semispinalis cervicis
semispinalis capitis
multifidis
rotator longus
rotator brevis
intertransversarii
levator costarum longus
levator costarum brevis |
|
|
Term
| Which of the muscles attaching to the transverse process of typical thoracics are examples of the transversospinalis muscle group? |
|
Definition
Semispinalis
Multifidis
Rotators |
|
|
Term
| What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region? |
|
Definition
The undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
The undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic? |
|
Definition
| Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, spenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are associated with the five layers of the true back? |
|
Definition
layer one consists of the trapezius and latissimus dorsi
Layer two consists of the rhomboids and levator scapulae
Layer three consists of the serratus posterior
Layer four consists of the erector spinae
Layer five consists of the transversospinalis |
|
|
Term
| What gender bias is associated with T1 as the vertebral prominence? |
|
Definition
| Males (9%) are more likely than females (6%) to demonstrate T1 as the vertebral prominence |
|
|
Term
| What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1? |
|
Definition
| The Trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, splenius thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles attach to the spinous process of T9? |
|
Definition
| Longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis |
|
|
Term
| Para articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What name is given to T11 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outline of the vertebral body of T11 on superior view? |
|
Definition
| Kidney shaped or reniform |
|
|
Term
| The superior costotransverse ligament of the T11 transverse process will attach to which rib? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscles attach to the spinous process of T11 |
|
Definition
| trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis |
|
|
Term
| What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of T12? |
|
Definition
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
amphiarthrosis symphysis
diarthrosis arthrodia |
|
|
Term
| Which ligament of the costocentral joint is absent for the twelfth rib? |
|
Definition
| the interarticular AKA intra-articular ligament |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib? |
|
Definition
| the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1 |
|
|
Term
| What muscles attach to the transverse process region of T12? |
|
Definition
longissimus thoracis
semispinalis thoracis
multifidis
rotator longus
rotator brevis
intertransversarii |
|
|
Term
| What orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12? |
|
Definition
| Forward, Downward, Lateral (FoLD) |
|
|
Term
| What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12? |
|
Definition
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
serratus posterior inferior
iliocostalis lumborum
spinalis thoracis
multifidis
rotator longus
rotator brevis
interspinalis |
|
|
Term
| What joint classifications are present at T12? |
|
Definition
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
amphiarthrosis symphysis
diarthrosis arthrodia |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles attach to the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae? |
|
Definition
longus colli
Psoas major
Psoas minor |
|
|
Term
| Which Thoracic segment is last to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costorum brevis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat is the name given to ligaments which attach vertebral body to articular process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to ligaments which attach the dura mater to the vertebral body or pedicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region? |
|
Definition
Overlap of the laminae (shingling) diminishes
Overlap of spinous processes (imbrication) diminishes |
|
|
Term
| Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process results in what feature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ligament will attach to the lumbar accessory process? |
|
Definition
| mammillo-accessory ligament |
|
|
Term
| What names are given to the condition in which the right zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in a plane or position different from the left zygapophysis? |
|
Definition
joint Asymetry AKA
Joint Tropism |
|
|
Term
| What is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process? |
|
Definition
Baastrup's syndrome or
"kissing spines" |
|
|
Term
| What characterisic of the L1-L4 pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group |
|
Definition
On cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment.
At L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle, and lamina-pedicle region |
|
|
Term
| What was believed to be entrapped by the mamillo-accessory ligament? |
|
Definition
| the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What muscles will attach to the mammillary process? |
|
Definition
multifidis
intertransversarii |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals? |
|
Definition
| fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under five years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis? |
|
Definition
| rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida |
|
|
Term
| What characteristics are associated with sacral spondylolysis? |
|
Definition
| Rare in the general population, within typical percents in the native alaskan (Inuit) population, seems to be acquired, gender biased toward men, most common at S1 and linked to activities such as kayaking and harpooning |
|
|
Term
| What are the types/classifications of spondylolisthesis? |
|
Definition
Type I spondylolisthesis (dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondylolisthesis)
Type II spondylolisthesis (Isthmic spondylolisthesis)
Type III spondylolisthesis (degenerative spondylolisthesis)
Type IV spondylolisthesis (traumatic spondylolisthesis)
Type V spondylolisthesis (pathologic spondylolisthesis) |
|
|
Term
| What gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimensions are associated with type II spondylolisthesis? |
|
Definition
| Isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men, located at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal |
|
|
Term
| What is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis? |
|
Definition
| degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in sagital diameter of the spinal canal |
|
|
Term
| What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest? |
|
Definition
| the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5 |
|
|
Term
| What forms the lateral sacral crest? |
|
Definition
| the fused transverse processes and transverse tubercle from S1 to S5 |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity? |
|
Definition
| The accessory sacro-iliac joint |
|
|
Term
| What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many synovial joints are typically present at sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
