Term
| What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the term "Lumbar" refer to? |
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Definition
| the loin, the region between the rib and the hip |
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Term
| What does the term "coccyx" refer to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which variations account for the disparity in number and morphology of vertebrae within the population? |
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Definition
Gender variation or Sexual Dimorphism
Ontogenetic Variation
Geographical variation or Population Based variation
Idiosyncratic variation |
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Term
| What is the length of a typical male spinal column? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the length of the male thoracic region? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation? |
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Definition
| Ribs are formed from the embryonic template |
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Term
| Distinguish between motion and locomotion. |
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Definition
| Motion is movement without travel; locomotion is movement to a new site/location |
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Term
| What organ(s) are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull? |
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Definition
| The eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear. |
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Term
| What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine? |
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Definition
Cervical: rectangular
Thoracic: Triangular
Lumbar: Reniform |
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Term
| What are the ages of appearance and the events occurring at each step in the formation of bone at the superior and inferior surface of the vertebral body? |
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Definition
Ages 7-9: epiphyseal plate
age 12: epiphyseal ring
Age 15: epiphyseal rim |
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Term
What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?
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Definition
| The Basivertebral Venous Foramen |
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Term
| What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine? |
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Definition
Cervical: posterolateral
Thoracic: Posterior, slight lateral
Lumbar: Posterior |
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Term
| What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name given to the lamina - pedicle junction at each region of the spine? |
|
Definition
Cervical: articular pillar
Thoracic and Lumbar:
pars interarticularis |
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Term
| What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch - spinous process on lateral X-ray? |
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Definition
| the Spinolaminar Junction |
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Term
What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?
|
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Definition
Transverse Process/Transverse Apophysis
Articular Process/Articular Apophysis
Spinous Process/Spinous Apophysis |
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Term
| what is the generic orientation of the transverse process/apophysis at each region of the spine? |
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Definition
Cervical: Anterolateral
Thoracic: Posterolateral
Lumbar: Lateral |
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Term
| What will cause the transverse process/apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region? |
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Definition
| Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position |
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Term
| What will cause the transverse process/apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region? |
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Definition
| The growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward |
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Term
| What is the name given to the joint formed by the articular facets of a vertebral couple? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis? |
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Definition
The superior articular process AKA
The superior articular apophysis |
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Term
| What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen? |
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Definition
| The inferior articular process/post zygapophysis, The superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum |
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Term
| What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen? |
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Definition
The vertebral body of the segment above
The vertebral body of the segment below
The posterior longitudinal ligament
The intervertebral disc |
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Term
| What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes/apophyses as seen on X-ray? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine? |
|
Definition
Cervical: slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic: noticable angle inferiorly
Lumbar: no inferior angle |
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|
Term
| What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/vertebral column? |
|
Definition
Cercical: triangular
Thoracic: oval
Lumbar: triangular
Sacrum: triangular |
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Term
| Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament? |
|
Definition
anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
Hoffman ligaments |
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Term
| What are the branches of the spinal artery? |
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Definition
| osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery, anterior medullary feeder arteries, posterior medullary feeder arteries, neural artery |
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|
Term
| What forms the arterial vasa corona below C6? |
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Definition
| a medial anterior spinal artery, R and L posterior spinal arteries, and 3 communicating arteries |
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Term
| What changes to the arterial vasa corona occur between C3 and C6? |
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Definition
| R and L anterior spinal arteries fuse to become a single median anterior spinal artery, the right and left posterior spinal arteries are unchanges, and the 4 communicating arteries are reduced to 3 communicating arteries |
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Term
| Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion |
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Definition
| posterior distal radicular artery |
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Term
| What are the branches of the arterial vasa corona? |
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Definition
| pial perforating arteries, central/ventral/sulcal perforating arteries, anterior proximal radicular arteries, posterior proximal radicular arteries |
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Term
| What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona? |
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Definition
| anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders |
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Term
| Which vessels form the venous vasa corona? |
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Definition
| R and L anterior longitudinal veins, R and L posterior longitudinal veins, 4 communicating veins |
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Term
| What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What veins are observed in the epidural space near the PLL? |
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Definition
| anterior internal vertebral venous pluxus, basivertebral vein |
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Term
| What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each? |
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Definition
C3-T1: the Cervical Enlargement
T9-T12: the Lumbar Enlargement |
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|
Term
| What spinal nerves originate from the lumbar/lumbosacral enlargement? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges? |
|
Definition
| coccygeal medullary vestige |
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Term
| What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number, and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen? |
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Definition
| The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple; the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple. ie T3 nerve exits the IVF formed by T3/T4 and rib 4 joins with this vertebral couple |
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Term
| What is the most frequently described deposit in bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three responses of bone which allow it to be described as "living"? |
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Definition
| It has the ability to heal, age, and remodel under stressors |
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Term
| What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?q |
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Definition
| Intramembranous ossification |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage? |
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Definition
| Endochondral Ossification |
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Term
| What bone of the apendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone? |
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Definition
| long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus/pneumatic bones and sessamoid bones |
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Term
| What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal II |
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Definition
| heterotopic and accessory bone |
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|
Term
| What are examples of pneumatic bone? |
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Definition
| Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, spenoid, and temporal |
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Term
| What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of rounded osseous elevations? |
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Definition
| tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber, or tuberosity and malleolus |
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|
Term
| What is the definition of an osseous meatus? |
|
Definition
| a blind-ended passageway which does not completely penetrate through a bone |
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|
Term
| What is the definition of an osseous fissure? |
|
Definition
| an irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surface of adjacent bones. |
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|
Term
| What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull? |
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Definition
| the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid |
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|
Term
| What are the classifications of ribs 1 and 2 in the typical adult skeleton? |
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Definition
| atypical ribs, true ribs, costa verae, and vertebrosternal ribs |
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|
Term
| What are the three classifications of joints based on movement potential? |
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Definition
| synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis |
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Term
| What are the sutura vera? |
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Definition
| true sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surgaces; typically formed by intramembraneous ossification |
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|
Term
| What are the sutura notha? |
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Definition
| false sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochondral ossification |
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|
Term
| Which individual sutures form the cruciate suture? |
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Definition
| intermaxillary, interpalatine, and palato-maxillary sutures |
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Term
| What is an example of a synarthrosis gomphosis? |
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Definition
| tooth-alveolar socket/dental alveolus of the maxilla or mandible |
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|
Term
| What is an example of the synarthrosis schindylesis? |
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Definition
| osseous nasal septum: sphenoid-ethmoid articulation, spenoid-vomer articulation, ethmoid-vomer articulation, vomer-palatine articulation, or vomer maxilla articulation |
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Term
| What are the classic examples of the synarthrosis syndesmosis? |
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Definition
| tibia-fibula shaft articulation, radio-ulnar shaft articulation, coraco-clavicular joint or tympano-stapedial joint. |
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Term
| What are examples of a permanent amphiarthrosis synchondrosis? |
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Definition
| costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of an amphiarthrosis symphysis? |
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Definition
| limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification |
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|
Term
| Which example of an amphiarthrosis symphysis is temporary? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the four consistent features of diarthrosis joints? |
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Definition
| articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the type 1 articular receptors? |
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Definition
| located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in the cervical zygapophyses, and they monitor the joint "at rest" |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors |
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Definition
| they resemble Pacinian corpuscles, located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, most numerous in the cervical spine, and they monitor the joint during normal range of motion |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors? |
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Definition
| resemble golgi tendon organs, are present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, not initially observed along the vertebral collumn, moniter extreme joint movement |
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Term
| What are the three classifications of synovial membrane? |
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Definition
| articular, vaginal, and bursal synovial membrane. |
|
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Term
| What are the three modification of articular synovial membrane? |
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Definition
| synovial villi, articular fat pads/ Haversian glands, and synovial menisci and intra-articular discs |
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Term
| Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples? |
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Definition
| femur-tibia articulations and cervical and lumbar zygapophyses |
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|
Term
| What are the layers of the synovial membrane? |
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Definition
| outer fibrous layer and inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial lamina intima. |
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|
Term
| What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties? |
|
Definition
| cartilage can deform and return to its original volume rapidly, a time independent property |
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|
Term
| What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties? |
|
Definition
| cartilage can deform but return to original volume slowly, a time dependent property |
|
|
Term
| Identify and describe the three theories of joint lubrication |
|
Definition
weeping theory implies fluid lost from cartilage joins synovial fluid to produce the viscosity of the film.
boosted theory implies water driven into cartilage results in increased viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid.
boundary theory implies that the lubricant within synovial fluid is absorbed onto the cartilage surface and is never fully removed. |
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|
Term
| What are the properties of synovial fluid? |
|
Definition
| it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline, and tastes salty:) |
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|
Term
| What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial? |
|
Definition
| diarthrosis ginglymus, diarthrosis trochoid |
|
|
Term
| What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial? |
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Definition
| diarthrosis bicondylar, diarthrosis condylar, diarthrosis ellipsoidal, and diarthrosis sellar |
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Term
| What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial? |
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Definition
| diarthrosis enarthrosis, diarthrosis spheroidal, diarthrosis cotyloid, and all classifications given to the same type of joint |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of diarthrosis ginglymus joints? |
|
Definition
humero-ulnar joint of the elbow,
Interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of the diarthrosis trochoid joints? |
|
Definition
| median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints? |
|
Definition
| radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral collumn |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of diarthrosis sellar joints? |
|
Definition
| carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle, and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot. |
|
|
Term
| What are the regions/division of the internal carotid artery? |
|
Definition
| cervical, petrous, cavernous, and cerebral |
|
|
Term
| What vessel is formed by the union of the internal maxillary and superficial temporal veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will the inferior ophthalmic vein drain into? |
|
Definition
| the pterygoid venous plexus and the cavernous dural venous sinus |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of lymphatic capillaries? |
|
Definition
| remove excess plasma proteins from the interstitial space and prevent edema |
|
|
Term
| What characteristics of lymph capillaries were stressed in class? |
|
Definition
| they begin as blind ended sacs, have a greater lumenal diameter than blood capillaries, are more variable in lumenal diameter than blood capillaries and are more layered in plexus arrangements than blood capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the body will the R lymphatic duct drain? |
|
Definition
| the right side of the head, neck, and thoracic parietal wall, as well as the right upper extremity, right lung, and convex (diaphragmatic) surface of the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the location and the structural origin for the thoracic duct |
|
Definition
| L2 from the cisterna chyli |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of aggregate lymph nodules |
|
Definition
| the tonsils and Peyer's patches of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| they primarily filter lymph but are also involved in lymphocytopoiesis and they do participate in the immune response |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim? |
|
Definition
| uncinate proccess, unciform process, uncovertebral process, lateral lip, or uncus |
|
|
Term
| What joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical? |
|
Definition
anterior groove
posterior groove
R uncinate process
L uncinate process
spongy bone
anterior lip
posterior lip
R lateral groove
L lateral groove
spongy bone |
|
|
Term
| Which arteries were stressed in class as being segmental to the vertebral column (supplying the segments or vertebrae of the vertebral collumn)? |
|
Definition
vertebral
ascending cervical
deep cervical
highest (superior) intercostal
posterior intercostal
subcostal
lumbar
iliolumbar
lateral sacral
median (middle) sacral arteries |
|
|
Term
| What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of the typical cervical? |
|
Definition
| posterolateral, 45 degrees |
|
|
Term
| Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the lamina attachment site will result in what feature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebrae transverse process beginning at the vertebral body. |
|
Definition
Costal element
anterior tubercle
costotransverse bar
posterior tubercle
true transverse process |
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|
Term
| What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebrae? |
|
Definition
anterior scalene
longus capitis
longus colli
anterior intertransversarii |
|
|
Term
| What muscles will attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebrae? |
|
Definition
splenius cervicis
iliocostalis cervicis
longissimus cervicis
levator scapula
middle scalene
posterior scalene
rotators
posterior intertransversarii |
|
|
Term
| What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen? |
|
Definition
vertebral artery
vertebral venous plexus
postganglionic sympathetic mottor nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is the classic angulation of typical vervical articular facets? |
|
Definition
| 40-45 degrees from the coronal plane |
|
|
Term
| what musscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes? |
|
Definition
longissimus capitis
longissimus cervicis
semispinalis capitis
semispinalis cervicis
multifidis
rotators |
|
|
Term
| What muscles blend with the capsular ligamment of cervical zygapophyses? |
|
Definition
the semispinalis capitis
multifidis
rotator longus |
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