Term
| The communication process |
|
Definition
| -Speaking is a cooperative arrangement that leads to a mutually gratifying experience |
|
|
Term
The communication process:
The audience |
|
Definition
-Only when someone else is present do we have the potential for communication
- you need to be realistic about your ability to communicate and understand that the message is the message received |
|
|
Term
The communication process:
The message: |
|
Definition
-People often feel the most difficult part will be
1) conquering their fears of facing an audience and
2) learning the skills of delivery |
|
|
Term
The communication process:
The content |
|
Definition
- preparing the substance
-the best source of material for a speech is the information that is already in your head but that should be substantiated with evidence |
|
|
Term
The communication process:
The structure |
|
Definition
| -Public speaking is a structured form of communication: the progression of thought forms a pattern and the ideas move in a logical sequence |
|
|
Term
The communication process:
The speaker |
|
Definition
| - You must be willing to speak aloud |
|
|
Term
The communication process:
The speaker- What to gain |
|
Definition
• Chance to clarify our thinking and gain a firmer grasp on what you believe by organizing your ideas in a way that makes them understandable to you and your audience and useful to others
• You may succeed in motivating other people to support a cuase that is important to you
• You demonstrate leadership capabilities and show others that you are bale and willing to take responsibility |
|
|
Term
The communication process:
The speaker- What to gain |
|
Definition
• You build your self-confidence and raise your self-esteem by learning to defend the position you take on controversial issues
• You enrich your life with new relationships by attracting people who share your interests and points of view
• An appreciation for rational thought |
|
|
Term
The communication process:
Speaker-audience relationship |
|
Definition
• If you disagree with what a speaker is saying, wait for your turn before your refutation
• Question period that comes after a presentation is a time when the speaker-audience relationship is clearly illustrated: you hope there will be questions, and audience want a chance to voice their thoughts and concerns |
|
|
Term
Speaker-audience relationship:
Hidden agenda |
|
Definition
| • refers to a covert motive that a speaker may have |
|
|
Term
Getting started the fundamentals of communication:
Content |
|
Definition
| -pick a topic that meets the requirements |
|
|
Term
Getting started the fundamentals of communication:
Organization |
|
Definition
-information must be arranged in some sort of logical sequence
-make sure you have a statement of purpose, clearly phrased main contentions, specific information that is relevant, conclusion to reinforce |
|
|
Term
Getting started the fundamentals of communication:
Language |
|
Definition
| - don’t write the speech out word for word, plan to deliver extemporaneously from your outline |
|
|
Term
Getting started the fundamentals of communication:
Voice |
|
Definition
| -use enough volume so that you can be heard by everyone and enunciate |
|
|
Term
Getting started the fundamentals of communication:
Timing and pacing |
|
Definition
-be sure to start and end the speech on time
-speak fast enough to keep your audience alert and to ensure that you have time to cover material |
|
|
Term
Getting started the fundamentals of communication:
Attitude |
|
Definition
| - develop a positive attitude before you give the speech, toward the audience, and the subject matter |
|
|
Term
Getting started the fundamentals of communication:
Appearance |
|
Definition
-project an air of confidence to the audience
- your posture, gestures, and facial expressions should reinforce the message |
|
|
Term
Getting started the fundamentals of communication:
Integrity |
|
Definition
| -honesty and sincerity are the hallmarks of effective public speaking |
|
|
Term
The Persuasive Message
The Inherent Qualities of Persuasion: Coercion |
|
Definition
-using force or the threat of force to get them to comply
-people do what they are told as long as the pressure is applied
-not persuasion, the exercise of power |
|
|
Term
The Persuasive Message
The Inherent Qualities of Persuasion: Manipulation |
|
Definition
-plays on emotional insecurities such as guilt, shame, fear, or a sense of obligation
-very subtle
-generally people who are perceptive enough to recognize human weaknesses |
|
|
Term
The Persuasive Message
The Inherent Qualities of Persuasion: Bribery |
|
Definition
-offering gifts with a view to gaining a favor
-easiest way to influence people but the person who bribes is employing an underhanded, rather than persuasive method |
|
|
Term
The Persuasive Message
The Inherent Qualities of Persuasion: Deception |
|
Definition
-distorting the facts or exaggerating the claims when you know that a true statement would not be effective
-does not meet persuasion b/c it denies recipients the ability to make a choice based on accurate information |
|
|
Term
The Persuasive Message
Modes of Proof: Logos |
|
Definition
-the efforts the speaker makes to prove a case argumentatively by offering facts and reason
- Aristotle: broader meaning than argumentation |
|
|
Term
The Persuasive Message
Modes of Proof: Pathos |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Persuasive Message
Modes of Proof: Ethos |
|
Definition
-Aristotle: there is persuasion through character whenever the speech is spoken in such a way as to make the speaker worthy of credence
- "for we believe fair-minded people to a greater extent and more quickly than we do to others” |
|
|
Term
Modes of Delivery
Impromptu: |
|
Definition
| -asked to speak without preparation; should be given only by a person who has some understanding of the issue under discussion |
|
|
Term
Modes of Delivery
how to give an impromptu: |
|
Definition
o Pay attention: think in terms of how you would respond if you were asked to comment on something the speaker had just said
o Give a direct response: begin by answering the question as directly as you can; then qualify and develop your answer
o Keep it short: keep your remarks short and to the point, and don’t deviate from the central idea
o Move toward a conclusion: plan your concluding statement as soon as you begin talking, and start phrasing it in your mind before you come to it |
|
|
Term
Modes of Delivery
The Fully Scripted Speech |
|
Definition
| o You can, write the speech out word for word and then read or deliver it |
|
|
Term
Modes of Delivery
Speaking from a Manuscript Advantages |
|
Definition
| o that you can include as much detail as you want and not worry about forgetting something |
|
|
Term
Modes of Delivery
Memorizing |
|
Definition
o You can make sure the language is precise, the content is detailed and the organizational structure is flawless; if the speech is long you may have a hard time memorizing
o You may lose your composure if you forget a word
o Often sounds memorized |
|
|
Term
Modes of Delivery
Speaking extemporaneously |
|
Definition
o One that is prepared but not written out word for word; worked from an outline
o Most frequently emphasized in public speaking courses because it provides students with the best learning experience
o You feel prepared |
|
|
Term
Modes of Delivery
Using Note Cards |
|
Definition
o Type or write legibly, good idea to put quotation marks around direct quotes and to include the source of the quotation
o Write on only one side of the card, if you have to turn it over you may forget if you have covered material on the other side
o Include only necessary words and phrases; if you write the whole speech on the note card |
|
|
Term
Modes of delivery:
Practice the Delivery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Speaker-audience relationship:
Heckling |
|
Definition
| - a form of censorship and all too frequently it silences the views of those who are less aggressive and suppresses ideas that may need to be heard |
|
|
Term
Speaker-audience relationship:
Damage control/ spin |
|
Definition
• the practice of answering questions in such a way as to give as little information as possible and to justify the role that the politician played in an incident
- minimize criticism from a scandal or indiscretion of any kind |
|
|
Term
Modes of delivery:
Speaking from a Manuscript disadvantages |
|
Definition
| -diminish audience contact, if speaker dos not read well, speech can sound stilted and it often becomes boring |
|
|
Term
The Communication process- the content:
Inventio |
|
Definition
| -in classical rhetoric the process of developing the content of speech |
|
|
