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Using all-inclusive words.
-One example of something and saying it applies to all.
Straw Man: Regular Ice Cream scoops are plain metallic silver; our product comes in fully customizable colors.
i.e. Ford cars are terrible. |
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"Against the man"
Attacking and insulting without evidence. Name calling. (Democrats don't know what they're talking about)
1. Person A makes claim X.
2. Person B makes an attack on person A.
3. Therefore A's claim is false.
The reason why an Ad Hominem (of any kind) is a fallacy is that the character, circumstances, or actions of a person do not (in most cases) have a bearing on the truth or falsity of the claim being made (or the quality of the argument being made). |
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Leading away from actual topic.
An irrelevant topic is introduced to divert attention from original.
# Topic A is under discussion.
# Topic B is introduced under the guise of being relevant to topic A (when topic B is actually not relevant to topic A).
# Topic A is abandoned. |
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| Cause and effect. When "a" causes "b" |
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if only response is "that's the way it's always been"
# X is old or traditional
# Therefore X is correct or better. |
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"It does not follow"
# If you buy this car, your family will be safer." (While some cars are safer than others, it is possible to decrease instead of increase your family's overall safety.)
# "If you do not buy this type of pet food, you are neglecting your dog." (Premise and conclusion are once again unrelated; this is also an example of an appeal to emotion.)
# "I hear the rain falling outside my window; therefore, the sun is not shining." (The conclusion is a non-sequitur because the sun can shine while it is raining.)
All frogs swim. I swim. Therefore, I am a frog. |
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| Series of if-then statements that eventually leads to an absurd conclusion that tries to connect itself to an initial event |
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-Someone is fiving you as evidence, the exact same thing as the conclusion.
"This product is great because it's awesome. |
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appealing to something or someone popular.
Everything's bigger in texas, so get yourself a bigger truck.
# Bill says that he likes the idea that people should work for their welfare when they can. His friends laugh at him, accuse him of fascist leanings, and threaten to ostracize him from their group. He decides to recant and abandon his position to avoid rejection.
# Bill: "I like classical music and I think it is of higher quality than most modern music."
Jill: "That stuff is for old people."
Dave: "Yeah, only real woosies listen to that crap. Besides, Anthrax rules! It Rules!"
Bill: "Well, I don't really like it that much. Anthrax is much better."
# Bill thinks that welfare is needed in some cases. His friends in the Young Republicans taunt him every time he makes his views known. He accepts their views in order to avoid rejection. |
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Term
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Very complex issue, blaming one thing on it.
For instance, after a school shooting, editorialists debate whether it was caused by the shooter's parents, TV violence, stress on students, Hollywood or the accessibility of guns. In fact, many different causes — including some of those — may all have necessarily contributed. Similarly, the music industry might claim that filesharing is the cause of a loss in profit whereas factors such as a growing videogame market and economic depression are likely also major factors
Tess: You know what your problem is?
Danny: I only have one? |
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Definition
not enough evidence, pick on oppoition.
-Pick small insignificant thing to exploit.
# Prof. Jones: "The university just cut our yearly budget by $10,000."
Prof. Smith: "What are we going to do?"
Prof. Brown: "I think we should eliminate one of the teaching assistant positions. That would take care of it."
Prof. Jones: "We could reduce our scheduled raises instead."
Prof. Brown: " I can't understand why you want to bleed us dry like that, Jones."
# "Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack submarine program. I disagree entirely. I can't understand why he wants to leave us defenseless like that." |
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Using vague terms to purposely mislead someone.
-Many, few, most of the time. |
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Exploitation of grammatical structure.
-new and improved
No one is better for this job than Joe
-This morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How it got in my pajamas I'll never know |
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| question asked that no matter the answer, you look like an idiot. |
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Either this or that, no other options
get this or you're gonna die. |
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Definition
First part of sentence contradicts last part.
A) Man proposes, God disposes.
B) Give everyman thy ear, but few thy voice.
C) Many are called, but few are chosen. |
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