• Hyoid elevators
• Laryngeal elevators
• Hyoid Depressors
• Taryngeak depressors

-Function: Muscles that have one attachment on a nonlaryngeal structure. Elevate or depress the larynx. Make fine adjustments in the vocal mechanism. Important in swallowing.

Types

• Abductors
• Tensors
• Relaxers
• Auxillar musculature

Function

• Open the vocal folds
• Close the vocal folds
• Tense the vocal folds
• Relax the vocal folds

• Gliding = Adduction and Abduction of VF
• Rocking Posterior = Stretch or elongate of VF
• Rocking Anterior =Shortening of VF
• Rotating on axis = Adduction and abduction of VF
• Lateral Movement = Abduct VF
• Medial Movement = Adduct VF

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

• Origin:Posterior cricoid lamina
• Insertion:Posterior aspect of the arytenoid (muscular process.)
• Course: Laterally up
• Function: Contraction of this muscle pulls the muscualr process posteriorly rocking the arytenoid cartilage out on its axis and abducting the vocal folds. 

• Origin: Superior-lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage.
• Insertion: Muscular process of the arytenoid
• Course: Up and back
• Function: Rotates the arytenoid cartilage to bring vocal processes together; increases medial compression. Rock the arytenoid inward and downward causing adduction of the vocal folds and lengthen the vocal folds (relaxer)
• Perceptual Function: Hearing sound

• Origin: Lateral margin of posterior arytenoid
• Insertion: Lateral margin of posterior surface, opposite arytenoid.
• Course: Horizontally towards the other arytenoid.
• Function: Pull the two arytenoids closer together and by association to approximate the vocal folds. It provides additional support for tight closing of the VF and is important for medial compression. (Adductor.)

-Medial compression increase = vocal intensity change

• Origin: Posterior base of the muscular process.
• Insertion: Apex of the opposite arytenoid
• Course: Diagnally towards the other arytenoid
• Function: Promotes adduction, enforces medial compression, and rocks the arytenoid (and vocal folds) down and in. Working in concert with the aryepiglottis muscle, the obluque arytenoid muscle aids in pulling the epiglottis to cover the opening to the larynx as it also serves tight adduction. 

Cricothyroid

(Pars Recta)

• Origin: Anterior surface of the cricoid cartilage beneath the arch.
• Insertion: Lower surface of the thyroid lamina
• Course: Vertically upward
• Function: Actively tense and elongate VF; decreses cricothyroid space; increase tension of VF by increasing its length. It is responsible for change in pitch.

Cricothyroid

(Pars Oblique)

• Origin: Anterolateral arch of cricoid cartilage
• Insertion: Thyroid cartilage between laminae and inferior horns
• Course: Obliquely up
• Funtion:   Actively tense and elongate VF; decreases cricothyroid space; increase tension of VF by increasing its length. It is responsible for change in pitch.

• Origin: vertically oriented inner surface of the thyroid angle
• Insertion:  Inferior aspect of vocal process; base of vocal process.
• Course: Superior fibers: backward. Inferior fibers: lateroposterosuperior.
• Function: Moving anterior. Shortens, relaxes and adducts the VF. Lowers pitch.

~the main mass of VF

~two parts: thyromuscularis and thyrovocalis

• Epithelium
• Superficial layer
• Intermediate layer
• Deep layer
• Muscle

~Mucosa = epithelum and superficial layer

~Lamina Propria = Superficial, Intermediate and Deep Layer

~ Deepest most layer = muscle/thyroarytenoid

• "Mucosal wave" pattern