Term
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Definition
closely resembles archaeon ancestor
thermophiles/hyperthermophiles
includes genus: Sulfolobus
includes genus: Thermoproteus |
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Term
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Definition
thermoacidophiles
aerobes
chemolithotrophs that oxidize sulfur
found in hot springs & soil |
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Term
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Definition
thermoacidophiles
strict anaerobes
chemoorganoautotrophs or
chemolithoautotrophs
oxidize glucose during anaerobic resp.
uses SULFUR as final electron acceptor
found in hot, aquatic habitats |
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Term
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Definition
display a variety of metabolic patterns and found in many different environments
5 major physiologic groups including:
Methanogens
Halobacteria |
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Term
| The Methanogens (phylum euryarchaeota) |
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Definition
Include all archaea that generate CH4: methanogenesis
Largest group of archaea
Strict anaerobes
Have unique electron carriers
Use CO2 as e- acceptor (reduced to CH4)
Varied shapes, cell membranes, cell wall
found in sewage, GI tracts, places with lots of organic matter and low O2
Could be a potential source of fuel: CH4
CH4 + IR radiation = greenhouse gas |
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Term
| The Halobacteria (phylum Euryarchaeota) |
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Definition
Archaea (not bacteria)
Live in high salt concentration >8%
Can grow in up to 36% NaCl
Some are alkalophilic
rods, cocci, pyramids
cell wall = glycoprotein-needs salt
(-) charges on wall shielded by Na+
Concentrates K+ inside cell (pi balance)
needs high K+ for enzymes & ribosomes
Aerobic chemoheterotrophs
Need lots of growth factors
Have: Rhodopsin, Halorhodopsin, & 2 sensory Rhodopsins-control flagella act. (one senses red and one blue) |
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Term
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Definition
Light-driven proton pump
retinal reacts with 2 amino a's in light intense, low O2 environment
Reversibly accepts & donates protons
Synthesizes ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport pump that uses light E fo ion balance (to concentrate Cl-) |
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Term
| Gram-negative nonproteobacteria photosynthesizers |
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Definition
Chlorobium
Chloroflexus
Cyanobacteria
Planctomyces
Chlamydia
Spirochetes (treponema pallidum;borrelia burgdorferi)
Bacteriodes |
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Term
gram-negative nonproteobacteria
(non-photosynthesizers) |
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Definition
Aquifex
Thermatoga
Deinococcus |
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Term
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Definition
relatively primitive
oldest branch of bacteria
hyperthermophiles
aerobic chemolithoautotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
2nd oldest branch of bacteria
hyperthermophiles
anaerobic chemoheterotrophs
use glycolytic pathway*
have an outer sheath-like envelope* |
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Term
|
Definition
Have atypical cell walls: stain gram(+)
have thick peptidoglycan layer**
(no teichoic acid like gram (+))
have outer membrane (like other gram(-))
resistant to desication & radiation
able to repair genome after radiation |
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Term
| Chlorobium--Green sulfur bacteria |
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Definition
use anoxygenic (cyclic) PS for ATP (no z pathway)
only use exogenous donor for CO2 fixing
have chlorosomes* attached to PM to capture light and pass to photosystem |
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Term
| Chloroflexus --Green nonsulfur bacteria |
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Definition
photoheterotroph or chemoheterotroph
If using CO2 fixation, uses reverse e- flow
have small chlorosomes*
thermophilic |
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Term
|
Definition
highly variable G+C content (35-71%)
chloroplast precursor
photoautotrophs>Z pathway, chlorophyll a, 2 photosystems
phycobilin* acc. pigments: phycocyanin & phycoerythrin |
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Term
| Structures/cell types produced by cyanobacteria |
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Definition
Baeocytes
Hormogonia
Akinetes
Heterocysts
Gas vesicles
Gliding Motility (slime) |
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Term
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Definition
Lack peptidoglycan in cell wall*
have compartmentalized cell walls*
have a stock & holdfast for attachment*
can lose stock & holdfast, produce a flagella to become motile swarmer cells |
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Term
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Definition
Obligate intracellular parasites (like viruses)
No peptidoglycan in cell wall*
compensate with sterols in membrane*
have an outer membrane
may be de-evolving / very small genome |
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Term
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Definition
1)Attachment of EB(infectious) to cell surface, phagocytosis upon attachment
2) EB morphs into RB (not infectious) and replicates by binary fission
3) RB morphs back to EB and cell lyses |
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Term
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Definition
use Endoflagella* w/an axial filament*
contain Treponema Pallidum & Borrelia Burgdorferi |
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Term
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Definition
Spirochete
Causes syphilis*
can't be cultured in lab
depends on host (no TCA cycle, ox phos) |
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Term
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Definition
Spirochete
causes lyme disease
has a linear genome*
has at least 17 plasmids that all confer virulence |
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Term
|
Definition
very common
mixed acid fermentors*
live in oral cavities, GI tract, rumen of ruminants
30% of fecal bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
purple nonsulfur bacteria
rickettsia
caulobacter
rhizobium
agrobacterium tumefaciens |
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Term
| purple nonsulfur bacteria |
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Definition
some form cysts
do not oxidize sulfur to sulfate
can use reverse electron flow
perform anoxygenic photosynthesis (1 PS)
exist as photoorganoheterotrophs
contain bacteriochlorophyll |
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Term
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Definition
closest relative to mitochondria*
obligate intracellular pathogens
induce phagocytosis -escapes phagosome
no glucose needed-uses host TCA intermediates
causes typhus & rocky mtn spotted fever* |
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Term
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Definition
| an alphaproteobacteria (gram - proteobact) |
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Term
|
Definition
have prostheca*-a stock/extension of cell used for attachment
undergoes binary fission with a prostheca
have flagella for movement |
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Term
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Definition
Nitrogen fixers in root nodules
Mutualistic with plants |
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Term
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
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Definition
agent of Crown Gall disease*
Ti plasmid has genes for plant hormones & opines |
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Term
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Definition
| Thiobacillus -colorless sulfur bacteria |
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Term
| Thiobacillus-colorless sulfur bacteria |
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Definition
chemolithoautotrophs
oxidize inorganic sulfur
increase soil fertility
cause acid & metal pollution & pipe corrosion |
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Term
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Definition
purple sulfur bacteria
pseudomonads
enteric bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
use anoxygenic photosynthesis (1 PS)
photolithotrophs
oxidize H2S to elemental sulfur
strict anaerobes*
have bacteriochlorophyll |
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Term
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Definition
large, diverse group
rods w/polar flagella
chemoheterotrophs (aerobic or anaerobic resp) |
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Term
| practical importance of pseudomonads |
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Definition
mineralization (b/d or organic material)
experimental subjects (biofilms)
animal and plant pathogens
food spoilage |
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Term
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Definition
comma-shaped rods w/polar flagella
facultative anaerobes
some are bioluminescent
pathogens: cholera, gastroenteritis |
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Term
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Definition
Largest group
Proteus, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Kebsiella, Yersinia, Enterobacter
Homogenous phylogenetic group
nonmotile or motile by peritrichouse fl.
facultative anaerobes
Mixed acid fermentation or Butanediol fermentation |
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Term
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Definition
Bdellovibrio
Desulfovibrio |
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Term
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Definition
Strict anaerobes*
reduce sulfur or sulfate
important in cycling of sulfur
can cause anaerobic corrosion of iron |
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Term
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Definition
Rods w/polar flagella
parasite of other gram (-) bacteria*
not obligate intracellular parasites*
alternate between nongrowing predatory phase & intracellular reproductive phase
efficient use of nutrients-obtains large amt of nutrients from host |
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Term
| Life cycle of Bdellovibrio |
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Definition
Rams into prey-bores hole by rotating
Also secretes hydrolytic enzymes
grows in periplasmic space of hose
steals through a hold in host PM
inhibits DNA/PRO synthesis
Divides by multiple fission |
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Term
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Definition
Most complex behavior & life cycle of all prokaryotes-largest genome
chemoheterotrophs-use respiration
micropredators/scavengers
produce hydrolytic enzymes to lyse prey |
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Term
| Life cycle of myxobacteria |
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Definition
VEGETATIVE CELLS:
non-flagellated rods that glide
used in presence of food supply
swarm w/coordinated motility
FRUITING BODY:
aggregation of cells
present in nutrient depletion
some cells become myxospores (resting) |
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Term
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Definition
Campylobacter
Helicobacter pylori |
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Term
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Definition
microaerophiles
motile spirals
produces cholera-like toxin
most common cause of enteritis |
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Term
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Definition
microaerophiles
motile spirals
cause acute & chronic gastritis-peptic ulcers
produces Urease-neutralizes stomach acid |
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Term
| Low G+C positive bacteria |
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Definition
Mycoplasmas
Clostridium
Bacillus
Staphylococcus
Lactic acid bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
lack cell walls
have sterols in plasma membrane to comp
simplified metabolic pathways
no TCA cycle
Respiratory & urogenital tract infection |
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Term
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Definition
lack cell walls
have sterols in plasma membrane to comp
simplified metabolic pathways
no TCA cycle
Respiratory & urogenital tract infection |
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Term
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Definition
obligate anaerobes
fermentative
form endospores
Botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene |
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Term
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Definition
aerobes or facultative aerobes
form endospores
Bt toxin >> insecticidal
food poisoning, anthrax |
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Term
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Definition
On skin & mucus membranes of warm-blooded animals
food poisoning, skin infections, MRSA |
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Term
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Definition
Depend on sugar fermentation >>lactic acid
primarily used in food & dairy industry to make cheese & beer
strep throat,pneumonia, cavities, UTIs |
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Term
| High G+C gram (+) bacteria |
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Definition
All are Actinobacteria/Actinomyces
Corynebacterium
Mycobacterium
Propionibacterium
Streptomyces
Frankia
Bifidobacterium |
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Term
|
Definition
Use snapping division-palisade arrangement
cause Diphtheria |
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Term
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Definition
slow growth* 2-40 days
Mycolic acid in cell wall- Acid fast staining
Tuberculosis, Leprosy |
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Term
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Definition
ferment sugars to propionic & acetic acid
produce CO2> swiss cheese, acne, body odor |
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Term
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Definition
classic fungal characteristics:
form aerial hyphae, chains of 3-50 nonmotile spores, perform mineralization
2/3 of antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
Form clusters of nonmotile spores
Can fix nitrogen
mutualistic association w/non-legumes |
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Term
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Definition
Anaerobic
ferments CHO* to acetic & lactic acids
found in human mouth & GI tract
makes up 90% of breast-fed infant gut flora |
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Term
| T4 bacteriophage controls the expression of its genes by regulating the activity of the hose _______________ in E.coli. |
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Definition
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Term
| The viral protein holin is used at what stage of replication of the T4 bacteriophage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What viral enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of (viral) DNA using DNA as a template? |
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Definition
| DNA-dependent DNA polymerase |
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Term
| A complex of proteins the virus uses/needs for genome packaging |
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Definition
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Term
| what degrades peptidoglycan in a cell wall infected by a virus during the entry and release stages? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of genome do all archaeal viruses have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Integrates the viral genome into the host genome for lysogeny at the att site |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein that activates Integrase |
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Definition
| CII protein (increase CII for cell to go through lysogeny) |
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Term
| Exicision of the viral DNA from host DNA/completion of the lytic cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a host cell protein that causes lambda repressor to cleave itself when the cell is in danger or unhealthy.
leads to induction |
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Term
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Definition
| virus multiplies explosively, host cell lyses & dies |
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Term
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Definition
| viral genome remains in neuron and can be reactivated at any point through environmental factors |
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Term
| NCLD (nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA virus) |
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Definition
Eukaryotic virus with large virions & genomes
relatively self-sufficient in metabolism* |
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Term
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Definition
| a small virus that is a possible parasite of the NCLD virus (virophage: virus of a virus) |
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Term
| DNA that is complementary to viral mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a filamentous phage that attaches to the tip of sex pilus to infect (can only infect f+ bacteria)
Made one at a time and secreted out of host |
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Term
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Definition
have a non-segmented genome that is essentially mRNA- no transcription necessary
uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate genome |
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Term
| the pcornaviruses such as poliovirus, are +ssRNA viruses, where their genome is used as a giant ________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| viroids are infectious agents made of ssRNA only that are asociated with diseases in __________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
encode one or more gene products
need helper virus to infect host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| normal form of a protein found on cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal form of a protein that affects all other surrounding proteins (a prion) by altering secondary structure
causes neuron loss |
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