Term
| What are the 3 major indications of "bad" red eyes? |
|
Definition
1) Decreased Vision
2) Severe Pain
3) Cloudy Corneas |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
28 yo M w/ PMH of hay fever, bilateral itchy, red eyes of 3d duration and normal vision |
|
Definition
Allergic conjunctivitis: red, bumpy conjunctiva (papillary reaction)
Cold compresses and systemic antihistamine. Can also consider topical vasoconstrictor like Naphcon |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
32 yo F with with red eyes that feel "sore, gritty and sandy." Started with L eye and is now in both. Vision is normal.
5 yo son has similar symptoms |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Infectious Conjunctivitis
Likely adenovirus, pneumococcus, staph or H. flu.
Treatment: cool compresses, artificial tears, good hygiene (usually resolves in 2w).
If purulent, add antibiotic |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
32 yo F with bilateral red eyes that initially got better with drops, before getting red and uncomfortable again. There is chemises present. Vision is normal. |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Drug reaction (Gentamycin). Chemosis is conjunctival swelling
Treatment: Remove offending agent. Cool compress, artificial tears and time. Use Erythromycin instead if necessary. |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
60 yo M with left eye bring red spot since this morning. It is painless and vision is normal. |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Subconjunctival hemorrhage
- Can be due to trauma, hypertension, diabetes or coughing.
Treatment: Strictly reassurance. If does not resolve- get coag series and consult optho |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
25 yo extended wear contact user who woke up with right eye red, painful/stinging with blurry vision.
A fuzzy white spot is visible on exam.
What are 2 other causes of this condition? |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Corneal Ulcer (Stromal infiltrate in cornea with overlying epithelial defect)
- Crank smoker, Exposure (CVA or MS patient)
Treatment:
- Urgent referral same day
- Obtain Culture
- Broad-spectrum eye drops q1h |
|
|
Term
| How do you deal with an alkali burn to the eyes? |
|
Definition
Bilateral, painful red eyes with impaired vision after splash with cleaning fluid
1) Copious irrigation: 1-2: saline
2) Check pH (if not 7, repeat irrigation)
3) Once clean, cyclopledge eyes with Scopolamine and give Topical Erythromycin. |
|
|
Term
How would you manage a patient with painful, watery, light sensitive left eye with decreased vision who has been stressed at work and has h/o cold sores?
What would you look for on eye exam? |
|
Definition
1) Sounds like herpes simplex 1 lesion. Typically it is a reactivation lesion
- Give topical antiviral and clycloplegic agent. If primary herpes is suspected, also give PO antivirals.
2) Flourescein stain will show branching lesion in central cornea. |
|
|
Term
Why might someone present with acute unilateral eye pain with ipsilateral dermatomal facial swelling?
How would you treat? |
|
Definition
Herpes Zoster Opthalmitis
- Patient will usually have history of shingles
- Give high dose valcyclovir or acyclovir, bacitracin and warm compresses. May also need topical steroids. |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
45 yo AA with 2 red eyes that are light-sensitive for 1w with decreased vision. Her pupil appears abnormal shape.
She also has SOB and a rash on her shins. |
|
Definition
1) Diagnosis: Sarcoid Uveitis
2) Treatment: Steroids- topical, periocular and systemic.
**Remember to rule out TB (PPD) and Syphilis (RPR) |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
28 yo man with left eye red, light sensitive x2d. Vision is normal and the patient has a history of back trouble.
The eye is injected with dilated blood vessels right up to corneal margin. There is no discharge or corneal cloudiness. |
|
Definition
1) Redness with phobia and no signs of infection: Iritis.
- Related to HLA-B27 spondyloarthropathy (AS probably)
2) Treat with topical steroids |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
60 yo woman w/ h/o sinusitis presents with constant pain in both eyes that is worse with movement.
On exam you see an eye with large and deep injection. Areas underlying the conjunctiva look bright red, slate gray, or black |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Scleritis associated with Wegener's
Treatment: NSAIDS, Steroids or Cyclophosphamide |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
62 yo woman with sandy/gritty feeling in both eyes for months and normal vision. She has a rash over both cheeks and forehead.
She endorses facial flushing when eating spicy foods. |
|
Definition
Diagnosis; Rosacea
Treatment: Warm compresses, lid scrubs. Doxycycline BID |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
36 yo woman with sandy/gritty feeling in both eyes for months an a red, wing shaped area growing towards the cornea.
She has a history of sun exposure. |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Pterygium
- Benign conjunctival degeneration
Treatment: Like allergic conjunctivitis
- Cold compresses, artificial tears and maybe topical NSAIDS |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
40 yo woman with severe pain in right eye since AM. Vision is decreased and she is seeing halos around lights.
On exam you see diffuse injection of of both deep and superficial blood vessels and a diffusely cloudy cornea. |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Acute Glaucoma
Treatment: Lower pressure (beta blocker, alphagan and diamox). If pressure persistently high, try IV mannitol.
Patient will need Iridotomy. |
|
|
Term
| What are the important "DON'TS" for patients with a red eye? |
|
Definition
DON'T
1) Give topical anesthetic
2) Give steroid
3) Patch pus |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
24 yo man poked in eye by 5 yo son. The eye is watery, stingy and photophobic with minimal blurry vision. |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Look for Flouroscein, but probably corneal abrasion
Treatment: Cycloplegia and Lubrication with antibiotic ointment for 5d. |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
35 yo construction worker comes in because something flew in his right eye at work. Eye is watery, photophobic, red and vision is blurry. |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Metallic foreign body
Treatment: Remove the body. Give Cycloplegia and Lubrication with antibiotic ointment. Give Tetanus booster if needed. |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
18 yo M presents after a bat ricocheted off his left eye. The eye is watery, photophobic and vision is very blurry.
On exam vision is decreased to 20/400 at near. You seen areas of subconjunctival hemorrhage and what appears to be blood behind the cornea in the anterior chamber. |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Hyphema, blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
Treatment: Rest and head elevation. Don't press on it. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major "Don'ts" for a traumatized eye? |
|
Definition
1) Don't Press
2) Call for Help
3) Don't Patch
4) If suspicion of FB, get a CT |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
63 yo M with hypertension and diabetes presents with sudden onset of droopy lid and double vision. Vision is OK with either eye closed.
On exam you note complete ptosis of the left lid. Pupil exam is normal but EOM exam shows that the left eye cannot turn up down or in. Lateral movement in that eye is normal and their are no deficits in the right eye. |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: 3rd nerve palsy. Inferior, medial and superior rectus muscles as well as Levator muscle of eyelid.
Pupil spared: usually microvascular
Pupil Involved: Aneurysm, pituitary mass
Treatment: Should recover on its own. Can consider ESR to workup temporal arteritis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the differential diagnosis for a 3rd CN palsy? |
|
Definition
Thyroid disease, Myasthenia Gravis, Midbrain lesion, MS
Get a CT or MRI if pupil is involved (Pituitary disease or Anerysm), Age<50, other CN anomaly or Incomplete.
Also consider ESR |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis of the following?
63 yo F with gradually worsening diplopia and restricted EOMs. She has also be feeling anxious and tremulous lately.
On exam you find her vision is down to 20/100 in the right eye, and 20/30 in the left. Her pupil exam demonstrates an afferent pupillary defect or Marcus-Gunn pupil in the right eye. Her EOM exam shows restriction of medial and downward gaze in the right eye and bilateral limitation of upgaze. |
|
Definition
| Diagnosis: Thyroid Opathalmopathy |
|
|
Term
What is the diagnosis and treatment of the following?
63 yo F with gradually worsening diplopia and restricted EOMs.
On exam you find vision slightly down on the left. Pupil reaction seems normal but there’s significant restriction of lateral and downward gaze. In addition the eye looks red with big blood vessels coming right up to the cornea. If you remembered to look from a few slides ago you’ll also notice the little bit of sclera showing superiorly telling you that the eye is proptotic |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula
Treatment: Order carotid angiogram |
|
|
Term
| What is a cataract? What makes is "visually significant" and "functionally significant"? |
|
Definition
Opacity of crystalline lens- most common cause of decreased vision that is not correctible with glasses
- Usually due to age related changes in lens protein
- Accelerated by sun and smoking
Visually significant: noticeable decrease in vision
Functionally significant: interfered with daily life |
|
|
Term
What is the typical sign of a cataract on direct opthalmoscopy?
What are the 3 major types? |
|
Definition
1) Loss of red reflex
2) Nuclear (yellow/cloudy central lens)
Cortical
Posterior Subcapsualr |
|
|
Term
| What are the major complications of cataract surgery? |
|
Definition
1) Corneal decompensation
2) Glaucoma
3) Retinal Swelling
4) Retinal detachment, swelling and infection |
|
|
Term
| How does diabetes produce retinopathy? |
|
Definition
| Hyperglycemia leads to vascular endothelial dysfunction, which leads to 1) leakage of blood or lipid into retina and 2) capillary occlusion and ischemia or retina |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 major stages of diabetic retinopathy? |
|
Definition
1) No retinopathy
2) Background retinopathy (microaneuysm)
- tiny red dots, saccular out pouching of capillaries
- dots, blots and flames
3) Exudative retinopathy
- Leakage of plasma and lipid from micro aneurysms
- Hard exudates (bright yellow dots with distinct borders)
- Retinal thickening
- When changes occur in central retinal area or macula, known as Macular Edema.
4) Preproliferative retinopathy (PPDR)
- Cotton wool spots (retinal nerve fiber layer infarcts)
- Venous dilation and tortuosity
- High risk for progression
5) Proliferative Retinopathy
- Response to Ischemia with Neovascularization leading to vitreous hemorrhages and/or retinal detachment (half are blind in 5 years). |
|
|
Term
Describe screening guidelines for each stage of diabetic retinopathy
1) None
2) Background
3) Exudative with significant macular edema
4) PPDR
5) PDR |
|
Definition
1) Follow-up every 12 months (all patients >30)
2) Follow-up 6-12 months
3) 2-4 month followup with focal laser treatment
4) Follow-up 4-6 months (sometimes pan retinal photocoagulation to decrease angiogenic drive and prevent neovascularization)
5) Follow-up 2-4 months and use PRP |
|
|
Term
| What is Amblyopia and what are the 3 major causes? |
|
Definition
Loss of visual acuity not correctable by glasses in otherwise healthy eye due to atrophy of visual pathways due to disuse during CP (infancy to 10 years old)
1) Strabismus (misalignment)
2) High or asymmetric refractive error
3) Occlusion |
|
|
Term
| How can Amblyopia be assessed in young children? |
|
Definition
| Fix and Follow of toys should be equal in both eyes. At age 4-5, you can start using standard acuity test. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major causes of Strabismus? How is it treated? |
|
Definition
Sensory and Accommodative are most common in children
1) Sensory- poor vision in one or both eyes
2) Accommodative
3) Restrictive
4) Paretic
Treatment is geared towards improving vision in affected eye. Eyeglass correction for refractive errors, patching for amplyopia and cataract removal. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the basic pathophysiology of glaucoma |
|
Definition
| Optic nerve damage and visual field loss usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure (>21) |
|
|
Term
How do you diagnose and treat the following?
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma |
|
Definition
1) Elevated IOP with normal anterior chamber angle
2) First try eye drops (decrease production of AH and increase outflow).
- If drops fail, use argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) or Trabeculectomy to bypass trabecular network. |
|
|
Term
How do you diagnose and treat the following?
Angle closure glaucoma |
|
Definition
1) Intense pain, blurry vision and halos w/ very high IOP and cloudy cornea
2) Treat with peripheral iridectomy, which puts a hole in the peripheral iris that is occluding the trabecular outflow network (angle is between peripheral iris and cornea) |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristic patterns of visual field loss in glaucoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the single most sensitive and specific test for glaucoma?
How should screening be performed? |
|
Definition
1) Optic nerve exam
- Disc-cup ratio >0.4 or asymmetry of >0.2 require further evaluation.
2) If no risk factors (family history, african american, diabetes, htn), every 2 years before 45 and then every year after 45
- If no risk factors, every 4 years under 45 and every 2 years after that. |
|
|
Term
How do each of the following work to treat Glaucoma?
1) Timolol
2) Pilocarpine
3) Brimonidine
4) Dorzolamide
5) Latanoprost |
|
Definition
1) Beta blocker: decreases aqueous formation
- Watch out for asthma and CHR exacerbations
2) Miotic: increase trabecular outflow
- Watch out for headache and retinal detachment
3) Alpha agonist: Decrease aqueous formation
- Watch out for allergy and drowsiness
4) CA inhibitor: decrease aqueous formation
- Watch out for kidney stones
5) Prostaglandin: increase non-trabecular outflow
- Watch out for red eye and potentiation of uveitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the Macula? What about the Fovea? |
|
Definition
1) Macula is area of retina 3mm temporal to optic nerve head. Responsible for central vision, fine spatial discrimination and color vision.
2) Fovea is central depression in Macular containing only Cones (fine-resolution site) |
|
|
Term
| What age-related changes lead to macular degeneration? |
|
Definition
Central vision loss
1) Drusen (hard or soft)
- localized deposits in Bruch's membrane, between retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid
2) RPE atrophy w/ loss of photoreceptor function
3) Weaknening of Bruch's membrane |
|
|
Term
How do wet and dry MD differ in their classic clinical presentations?
How are they treated? |
|
Definition
1) Dry is gradual and mild decrease in central vision
- No treatment
2) Wet is sudden with central blind spot (scotoma) and severe distortion waviness of vision (metamorphopsia)
- Photodynamic therapy (PDT), with light-activated dye to stabilize neovascularization
- VEGF antibodies can improve vision.
- Smoking cessation |
|
|
Term
| What type of visual problem is suggested by vision being different at different distances? |
|
Definition
| Refractor problem: can be corrected by glasses |
|
|
Term
Bilateral conjunctivitis 3d duration w/o visual impairment and h/o allergy
Diagnosis and treatment? |
|
Definition
| Allergic conjunctivitis: topical anti-histamine |
|
|
Term
Gritty, sandy, begins unilateral and goes bilateral. Son also has it.
Diagnosis and treatment |
|
Definition
| Infectious conjunctivitis: Keep students and health care workers home |
|
|
Term
| What is Chelosis? When does it occur? |
|
Definition
Conjunctival swelling: Allergic reaction to antibiotic.
Cool compresses, artificial tears and switch to erythromycin |
|
|
Term
| What is the management of a sub-conjunctival hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
Usually patients have been physically straining.
Treatment is strictly reaasurrance. No eye consult needed |
|
|
Term
What are 3 behaviors associated with corneal ulcer?
What do you do about it? |
|
Definition
Long-term contact user, Crank user, Elderly patient post CVA
Cloudy white spot, pain and blurry vision.
Same-day optho consult and broad-spectrum topical antibiotics to prevent perforation (save the eye!) |
|
|
Term
| How would you handle an alkali exposure to the eye? |
|
Definition
| Wash with copious irrigation for 30 min. Check pH and if not 7 wash some more. |
|
|
Term
| What condition is associated with granulomatous inflammation of cornea with an unusually shaped pupil? |
|
Definition
Sarcoid.
Don't confuse for Syphillus or TB (get RPR and PPD) |
|
|
Term
Bilateral severe pain with movement in patient with h/o sinusitis, respiratory issues and blood in urine. Area of sleight greyness of sclera.
Diagnosis and Treatment |
|
Definition
| Wegener's Scleritis. Systemic NSAIDs and Steroids |
|
|
Term
Facial rash (nose and cheeks) with sandy/gritty feeling in both eyes for months without visual changes
Diagnosis and treatment |
|
Definition
| Rosacea: Warm compression and steroids |
|
|
Term
Severe unilateral eye pain of 1d duration and seeing halos with diffuse clowdy cornea.
Diagnosis and treatment |
|
Definition
Acute angle glaucoma.
Lower ICP with beta blockers, mimetics, alpha-2 agonists and CA inhibitors. Perform peripheral irridotomy and if delayed try Mannitol as well |
|
|
Term
Increasing redness of eye in patient with h/o macular degeneration who recently received intravitrial injection for wet degeneration (1:1000).
What is diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the things you should never do to a red eye? |
|
Definition
1) Topical anesthetic or steroids
2) Patch pus |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 major signs of a bad red eye that requires optho consult? |
|
Definition
1) Severe Pain
2) Cloudy corneas
3) Decreased vision |
|
|
Term
| What should you never do to a traumatized eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major types of eye trauma and there management strategies? |
|
Definition
1) Corneal abrasion
2) Metallic foreign body
3) Hyphema (blood in anterior chamber)
4) Ruptured globe |
|
|
Term
What type of eye condition is described by each of the following?
1) Opacity of crystalline lens with absent red reflex
2) History of APD with large cup-to-disc ratio
3) Loss of central vision
4) Loss of visual acuity with otherwise normal eye |
|
Definition
1) Cataract
2) Glaucoma
3) Macular degeneration
4) Amblyopia |
|
|
Term
| What are the major risk factors for Glaucoma? |
|
Definition
Family history is biggest!
Age, race, trauma, steroids (topical) |
|
|
Term
| What are the medical and surgical treatment options for Glaucoma? |
|
Definition
Medical: beta blocker (decrease production), Miotics, Alpha-2 agonists, CA inhibitors, PGEs (increase non-trabecular outflow)
Surgery: Trabectulectomy to bypass |
|
|
Term
| How would you manage a patient who presents with eye pain, decreed vision and a fixed, dilated pupil? |
|
Definition
Acute angle glaucoma
1) Call optho
2) Give drops of all meds while waiting
3) If delayed give mannitol
4) Peripheral Iridectomy with laser and schedule other eye in office |
|
|
Term
| How can cataracts be treated? What are the risks? |
|
Definition
1) Treatment is surgical. Take out nucleus and cortex of lens (leave capsule) and replace with artificial lens (maintain focusing power)
2) Risks of surgery include corneal decompensation, retinal detachment, bleeding, infection, glaucoma and retinal swelling |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for cataract surgery? |
|
Definition
Presence of cataract with significant functional impact.
Rush in children, because of Amblyopia |
|
|
Term
| Describe the key historical elements to workup for dizziness in elderly |
|
Definition
Onset, frequency, duration, character.
Get Orthostatics and evaluate gait. Perform Dix-Hallpike and Vestibular testing if there is a dilemma. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of neck masses in adults are malignant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of dizziness is described by each of the following?
1) Illusion of movement
2) Blurring vision, sweating, cold and clammy
3) Balance issues (which way is up?) |
|
Definition
1) Vertigo
2) Presyncopal lightheadedness
3) Disequilibrium |
|
|
Term
| What are the major etiologies of Vertigo in elderly adults? |
|
Definition
1) Menierres (tinnitus, SNHL, vertigo)
2) BPPV
3) Vestibular Neuronitis (give high-dose steroids with or without anti-vitals)
4) Vestibular insult
5) Migraine |
|
|
Term
| What are the major etiologies of Disequlibrium in elderly adults? |
|
Definition
- Age (Presbystasis)
- Post-labrynthitis (Vestibular neuronitis) vestibulopathy
- Mutli-sensory (in diabetics) |
|
|
Term
| What important physical exam elements are involved in working up Dizziness? |
|
Definition
1) Vitals and Orthostatics
2) Ear exam (infection, Cholesteoma, Hearing)
3) Neurological
4) DIx-Hallpike |
|
|
Term
How is each of the following causes of Vertigo managed?
1) Menierres
2) BPPV |
|
Definition
1) K-sparing diuretics and salt restriction
- If fails, performs sac surgery or ablation
2) Epley Maneuvar or "Otolith repositiong" |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophysiology of BPPV? How is it diagnosed? |
|
Definition
1) Inappropriate signal from gravitational rather than rotational stimulus (movement of cupula in ampula of SCC, which is perceived as rotational movement).
2) Dix-Hallpike
- Patient sits on table with feet on table (turn head 30-45 and then have them lie down). |
|
|
Term
| What is drusen? What condition is it found in? |
|
Definition
Drusen is RPE waste products from photoreceptor metabolism. They are found in Bruch's membrane
Presence indicates dry MD if visual impairment is also present. |
|
|
Term
What are the anatomical landmarks for macular degeneration?
What differentiates wet from dry? How do treatments differ? |
|
Definition
Chorid, Bruch's membrane, RPE
1) Dry involves atrophy, RPE changes and drusen deposition in bruch's membrane. No treatment available. Onset is gradual and involves wavy line perception
2) Wet MD involves neovascularization from choroidal circulation growing into Bruch's membrane. Vessels are leaking and bleed out. Treatment is anti-VEGF antibodies and/or vitamins (ACEcopperzinc). Photodynamic therapy is also an option |
|
|
Term
| What is the vital sign of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic tests would an ophthalmologist run for suspected macular degeneration? |
|
Definition
1) OCT (look for swelling behind retina)
2) Flouroscein Angiogram (localize bleeding) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 major causes of Amblyopia? |
|
Definition
1) Strabismus (misallignment)
- can be sensory, accommodative, restrictive, paretic
2) Refractive area (hyperopia leading to convergence)
3) Occulsion |
|
|
Term
| How can you treat Esotropia to prevent Amblyopia? |
|
Definition
1) Patch over good eye to force bad eye to act
2) Blur good eye with atropine
3) Strengthen or weaken EOM if problem is restrictive |
|
|
Term
| What is the workup and treatment for Leukocoria in a child? |
|
Definition
Retinoblastoma is worry
Exam under anesthesia and get MRI to look for local spread.
Treat by placing radioactive plaque sized to tumor and leave in for 1d (no need to remove eye immediately) |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for tracheotomy in adults? |
|
Definition
1) H and N cancer
2) OSA (though bariatric surgery better)
3) Facilitation prolonged intubation to help with weaning and prevent laryngeal injury. |
|
|
Term
| What should you do if a trach tube is not exchanging air? |
|
Definition
1) Remove canula
2) Suction
3) Pull tube out
3) If can't visualize, intubate from above (DONT BAG IT) |
|
|
Term
| What should you do if a trach tube is displaced? |
|
Definition
| Reposition neck, do not replace perc tube in early post-op period, If child tube is plugged, you have to change the whole tube (no canula) |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps to decannulating a trach? |
|
Definition
1) Can they tolerate secretions? If so then deflate cuff
2) Determine airway- finger plug with cuff deflated
3) If tolerated downsize and plug
4) Remove after 24h
5) Only use Muir valve in uncuffed tubes (they won’t be able to breathe) |
|
|
Term
| Why are bigger hearing aids better than smaller aids? |
|
Definition
Decreased distance from microphone and delivery (because of feedback).
BTE is better because of distance. |
|
|
Term
Progressive, unilateral HL with distortion of sound.
What do you do? |
|
Definition
| Vestibular Schwannoma possible. Get MRI |
|
|
Term
| What should be done for Tinnitus? |
|
Definition
1) Avoid silence
2) Pay attention to patient (empathy) |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 signs of middle ear effusion? |
|
Definition
1) Reduced mobility
2) Opacity
3) Color change (white, yellow, amber or blue) |
|
|
Term
What are 3 signs of AOM?
What are the requirements for diagnosis? |
|
Definition
1) Redness
2) Bulging TM
3) Pain
Need 2 of 3 signs of effusion (or bubbled/air fluid interface) with at least 1 sign of inflammation (redness, pain, bulging) |
|
|
Term
| How is chronic AOM related to cholesteotoma formation? |
|
Definition
| AOM can lead to retraction of pars flaccida, and squamous debris from TM can get caught in retraction pocket leading to Cholesteotoma formation. |
|
|
